Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
Toxins (Basel). 2023 Jul 28;15(8):480. doi: 10.3390/toxins15080480.
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
谷物是人类和家畜最重要的主食。它们可以加工成各种类型的食品和饲料产品，如面包、意大利面、早餐麦片、蛋糕、零食、啤酒、全价饲料和宠物食品。然而，谷物容易受到土壤微生物，特别是霉菌的污染。产毒真菌/霉菌不仅会导致质量恶化和粮食损失，还会产生有毒的次生代谢物——霉菌毒素，这些毒素会导致人类、家畜和宠物出现急性毒性、死亡以及癌症、免疫抑制、生长受损和神经管缺陷等慢性疾病。为了保护人类和动物免受这些健康风险，许多国家已经制定/采用了限制接触霉菌毒素的法规。本综述的目的是更新谷物和谷物衍生食品和饲料产品中霉菌毒素的发生和共同发生及其对人类、家畜和宠物健康影响的证据。还提供了包括预防技术、脱毒技术/方法以及主要谷物生产国的谷物中食品和饲料中经常检测到的霉菌毒素的最新法规限量在内的安全食品和饲料供应的努力。提出了一些值得进一步研究的重要领域。
