Popolizio Stefano, Vivaldi Gaetano Alessandro, Camposeo Salvatore
Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy.
Plants (Basel). 2023 Aug 11;12(16):2921. doi: 10.3390/plants12162921.
Weed management is not yet environmentally, agronomically, economically and socially sustainable in olive orchards. It is necessary to study appropriate integrated weed management systems (IWMSs) based on the knowledge of weed population and effects of weeding practices over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different weed managements on seasonal floristic composition of a super high-density olive orchard, also exploiting the essential principles of an IWMS. Five weeding techniques were compared: chemical control (CHI), mowing (MEC), plastic (nonwoven tissue, TNT and polyethylene, PEN) and organic (with de-oiled olive pomace, DOP) mulching. Weed monitoring was carried out on six dates in a three-year period. The infestation of each of the main 18 weed species recorded (%) and the total infestation (%) on each monitoring date were determined. Results underlined that all weeding practices investigated in this multi-year study affected the floristic composition, weed characteristics (hemicryptophytes, cryptophytes and therophytes) and seed bank. TNT and PEN were the most effective methods for weed management. Particularly, total infestation coefficient was significantly lowest when plots were managed with TNT (13.91%) and PEN (14.38%) and highest for MEC (141.29%). However, DOP also significantly reduced infestation compared to CHI and MEC. Therefore, DOP could constitute an excellent strategy for weed management in super high-density olive groves, since it also has the possibility of distributing mulching materials in a mechanized way in field and can result in improvement of soil fertility and the possibility of valorizing waste. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the mechanism of action (physical and allelochemical) of de-oiled pomace or other organic agro-industrial materials and the recovery time of these mulching materials in super high-density olive orchards.
在橄榄园中，杂草管理在环境、农艺、经济和社会层面上尚未实现可持续发展。有必要基于对杂草种群的了解以及除草措施随时间的影响，研究合适的综合杂草管理系统（IWMS）。本研究的目的是评估不同杂草管理措施对超高密度橄榄园季节性植物群落组成的影响，同时运用IWMS的基本原则。比较了五种除草技术：化学防治（CHI）、割草（MEC）、塑料（无纺布，TNT和聚乙烯，PEN）和有机（用脱油橄榄果渣，DOP）覆盖。在三年时间内分六个日期进行杂草监测。确定了每次监测日期记录的18种主要杂草中每种杂草的侵染率（%）以及总侵染率（%）。结果表明，在这项多年研究中所调查的所有除草措施均影响了植物群落组成、杂草特征（地面芽植物、隐芽植物和一年生植物）以及种子库。TNT和PEN是最有效的杂草管理方法。特别是，采用TNT（13.91%）和PEN（14.38%）管理地块时，总侵染系数显著最低，而MEC的总侵染系数最高（141.29%）。然而，与CHI和MEC相比，DOP也显著降低了侵染率。因此，DOP可成为超高密度橄榄园杂草管理的一项出色策略，因为它还具有以机械化方式在田间铺设覆盖材料的可能性，并且可提高土壤肥力以及实现废物回收利用。应开展进一步研究，以探究脱油果渣或其他有机农产品加工材料的作用机制（物理和化感作用）以及这些覆盖材料在超高密度橄榄园中的回收时间。
