Mohanto Sourav, Faiyazuddin Md, Dilip Gholap Amol, Jc Darshan, Bhunia Adrija, Subbaram Kannan, Gulzar Ahmed Mohammed, Nag Sagnik, Shabib Akhtar Mohammad, Bonilla-Aldana D Katterine, Sah Sanjit, Malik Sumira, Haleem Al-Qaim Zahraa, Barboza Joshuan J, Sah Ranjit
Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar, Bihar, 845106, India; Nano Drug Delivery®, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2023 Nov-Dec;56:102636. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102636. Epub 2023 Aug 24.
Monkeypox (Mpox) is a transmissible infection induced by the Monkeypox virus (a double-stranded DNA virus), recognised under the family orthopoxvirus genus. Monkeypox, like endemic diseases, is a substantial concern worldwide; thus, comprehending the pathogenesis and mutagenesis of amino acids is indispensable to combat the infection. According to the World Health Organization's report, about 89 thousand cases with 160 mortalities have been reported from 114 countries worldwide. The conventional orthopoxvirus vaccines developed on live attenuated viruses exempted any clinical validation from combating monkeypox due to inadequate immunogenicity, toxicity, instability, and multiple doses. Therefore, novel drug delivery systems come into the conception with high biological and mechanical characteristics to address the resurgence of Global Monkeypox. The edges of metallic biomaterials, novel molecules, and vaccine development in targeted therapy increase the modulation of the immune response and blockage of host-virus interaction, with enhanced stability for the antigens. Thus, this review strives to comprehend the viral cell pathogenesis concerning amino acid mutagenesis and current epidemiological standards of the Monkeypox disease across the globe. Furthermore, the review also recapitulates the various clinical challenges, current therapies, and progressive nanomedicine utilisation in the Monkeypox outbreak reinforced by various clinical trial reports. The contemporary challenges of novel drug delivery systems in Monkeypox treatment cannot be overlooked, and thus, authors have outlined the future strategies to develop successful nanomedicine to combat monkeypox. Future pandemics are inevitable but can be satisfactorily handled if we comprehend the crises, innovate, and develop cutting-edge technologies, especially by delving into frontiers like nanotechnology.
猴痘是由猴痘病毒（一种双链DNA病毒）引起的可传播感染，属于正痘病毒属。与地方病一样，猴痘是全球关注的重大问题；因此，了解其发病机制和氨基酸诱变对于对抗这种感染至关重要。根据世界卫生组织的报告，全球114个国家已报告约8.9万例病例，160人死亡。基于减毒活病毒开发的传统正痘病毒疫苗，由于免疫原性不足、毒性、稳定性问题以及需要多剂接种，无法通过任何临床验证来对抗猴痘。因此，具有高生物学和机械特性的新型药物递送系统应运而生，以应对全球猴痘疫情的再次出现。金属生物材料、新型分子和靶向治疗中的疫苗开发优势，增强了免疫反应的调节和宿主 - 病毒相互作用的阻断，同时提高了抗原的稳定性。因此，本综述旨在了解与氨基酸诱变相关的病毒细胞发病机制以及全球猴痘疾病的当前流行病学标准。此外，该综述还概述了各种临床挑战、当前疗法以及在猴痘疫情中通过各种临床试验报告加强的纳米医学的应用进展。新型药物递送系统在猴痘治疗中的当代挑战不容忽视，因此，作者概述了开发成功的纳米药物以对抗猴痘的未来策略。未来的大流行不可避免，但如果我们理解危机、创新并开发前沿技术，尤其是深入研究纳米技术等领域，就能够令人满意地应对。
