Hasnain Muhammad, Saeed Shafqat, Ullah Unsar Naeem, Ullah Sami, Zaka Syed Muhammad
Institute of Plan Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
BMC Zool. 2023 Sep 4;8(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s40850-023-00178-5.
Under the family Tephritidae, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is a serious pest, attacking fruits and vegetables causing large quantitative and qualitative damages throughout the world. Fruit flies require proteinaceous food for sexual maturation and egg development. Therefore, food bait attractants are frequently utilized for fruit fly detection, monitoring, mass trapping, and control. Using a Y-shape olfactometer (behavioral tests), we selected the best synthetic proteinaceous food bait attractants to volatiles identified by fruit fly antennae. The responses of B. zonata adults, male and female, to some ammonium compounds (ammonium acetate (AA), trimethylamine (TMA), and putrescine) that were mixed with certain food attractants were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Using flies ranging in age from 5 to 30 days, possible mixtures were discovered that might be useful in developing fruit fly attractants for both males and females. So, four base baits were developed by mixing protein hydrolysate with jaggery, papaya powder, kachri powder, potassium hydroxide (KOH), and guava pulp. Finally, thirty-two (32) synthetic blends were developed when the above four base baits were mixed with synthetic attractants.
The olfactometer bioassay indicated that protein hydrolysate and jaggery-based baits were effective in attracting both male and female flies throughout their adult lives when combined with AA + putrescine (Bait 6) and AA + TMA + putrescine (Bait 8). Similarly, protein hydrolysate + guava pulp-based baits combined with AA + putrescine (Bait 6) and AA + TMA + putrescine (Bait 8) was effective in attracting both male and female flies from 5 to 30 days of age. The pH of all 32 synthetic blends was measured and ranged from 4.77 to 11.35.
According to our observation, the variation in pH may be due to differences in chemical composition between the attractants and food constituents. The pH of protein bait attractants may be an important factor in the attraction efficiency of B. zonata males and females.
南亚果实蝇（Bactrocera zonata，桑德斯）属于实蝇科，是一种严重的害虫，在全球范围内对水果和蔬菜造成大量的数量和质量损失。果蝇需要蛋白质类食物来实现性成熟和卵子发育。因此，食物诱饵引诱剂经常被用于果蝇的检测、监测、大规模诱捕和防治。我们使用Y型嗅觉仪（行为测试），从果蝇触角识别出的挥发物中筛选出最佳的合成蛋白质类食物诱饵引诱剂。在实验室条件下，评估了南亚果实蝇成虫（雄性和雌性）对与某些食物引诱剂混合的一些铵化合物（乙酸铵（AA）、三甲胺（TMA）和腐胺）的反应。使用5至30日龄的果蝇，发现了可能有助于开发针对雄性和雌性果蝇引诱剂的潜在混合物。因此，通过将蛋白水解物与粗糖、木瓜粉、刺角瓜粉、氢氧化钾（KOH）和番石榴果肉混合，开发了四种基础诱饵。最后，当上述四种基础诱饵与合成引诱剂混合时，开发出了32种合成混合物。
嗅觉仪生物测定表明，当与AA + 腐胺（诱饵6）和AA + TMA + 腐胺（诱饵8）组合时，基于蛋白水解物和粗糖的诱饵在果蝇成虫的整个生命周期中对雄性和雌性果蝇均有效。同样，基于蛋白水解物 + 番石榴果肉的诱饵与AA + 腐胺（诱饵6）和AA + TMA + 腐胺（诱饵8）组合时，对5至30日龄的雄性和雌性果蝇均有效。测量了所有32种合成混合物的pH值，范围为4.77至11.35。
根据我们的观察，pH值的变化可能是由于引诱剂和食物成分之间的化学成分差异所致。蛋白质诱饵引诱剂的pH值可能是影响南亚果实蝇雄性和雌性引诱效率的一个重要因素。
