Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
University of Bologna, Italy.
Psychol Sport Exerc. 2024 Jan;70:102533. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102533. Epub 2023 Sep 9.
Throughout official soccer matches, the presence of cheer by the crowd could be considered a critical auditive distraction that could further impair the cognitive interference control system, multiple object tracking (MOT) skill, heart rate variability (HRV), and increase mental fatigue. As the resource is not immediately replenished, the impairment of the cognitive interference control system may be delayed following a soccer game. Then, evaluating the recovery time course of the cognitive interference control system, MOT skill, HRV, and mental fatigue after prolonged tasks combining physical, endurance, and cognitive effort are essential.
We aimed to analyze the acute effect of cognitive effort and auditive distractor with 24-h follow-up throughout a prolonged endurance session on inhibitory control, subjective mental fatigue, MOT skill, and HRV in professional soccer players.
Twenty professional male soccer players were recruited (23.56 ± 3.8 years, 78.1 ± 6.9 kg, 1.77 ± 0.06 m, and 12.5 ± 5.3% body fat). The sessions were performed in a randomized and counterbalanced crossover design, divided into four experimental conditions: endurance, endurance + MOT, endurance + MOT + AD, and endurance + AD. The soccer players completed the incongruent Stroop task utilizing an eye-tracker to assess cognitive effort. MOT task, subjective mental fatigue, and HRV were evaluated before the endurance training (60%Δ of maximal aerobic velocity during 40-min) and after 30-min and 24-h of recovery. These sessions were designed to investigate the acute effect of prolonged cognitive effort (repeated MOT throughout the endurance task) and AD (constant crowd noise and coach's voice each 15-40 s, totalizing = 80 voices) on inhibitory control, MOT skills, HRV, and subjective mental fatigue after a fixed endurance training session.
There was no condition × time interaction for accuracy of inhibitory control (p > 0.05, ηp = 0.001). There was a significant condition × time interaction for inhibitory control response time (p < 0.05, ηp = 0.16). A higher response time of inhibitory control was found for the endurance + MOT + AD and endurance + MOT experimental sessions (p < 0.05). There was a significant condition × time interaction for subjective mental fatigue (p < 0.05, ηp = 0.46). A higher subjective mental fatigue was found for the endurance + MOT + AD and endurance + MOT experimental sessions (p < 0.05). There was no condition × time interaction for HRV (p > 0.05, ηp = 0.02).
We concluded that cognitive effort throughout a prolonged endurance session impaired inhibitory control and increased mental fatigue without promoting greater MOT skill and HRV changes in professional soccer players.
在正式的足球比赛中，观众的欢呼助威声可能被视为一种严重的听觉干扰，这可能进一步损害认知干扰控制系统、多项对象追踪（MOT）技能、心率变异性（HRV），并增加心理疲劳。由于资源不能立即得到补充，因此，在足球比赛后，认知干扰控制系统的损伤可能会延迟。那么，评估认知干扰控制系统在长时间结合体力、耐力和认知努力的延长任务后的恢复时间过程，以及 MOT 技能、HRV 和心理疲劳是至关重要的。
我们旨在分析在长时间耐力训练中，认知努力和听觉干扰对专业足球运动员的抑制控制、主观心理疲劳、MOT 技能和 HRV 的急性影响，并进行 24 小时的随访。
招募了 20 名职业男性足球运动员（23.56±3.8 岁，78.1±6.9kg，1.77±0.06m，12.5±5.3%体脂）。这些实验以随机和交叉平衡设计进行，分为四个实验条件：耐力、耐力+MOT、耐力+MOT+AD 和耐力+AD。足球运动员使用眼动追踪器完成不一致的 Stroop 任务，以评估认知努力。MOT 任务、主观心理疲劳和 HRV 在耐力训练前（最大有氧速度的 60%Δ持续 40 分钟）和 30 分钟和 24 小时恢复后进行评估。这些实验旨在研究长时间的认知努力（在耐力任务中重复 MOT）和听觉干扰（持续的人群噪声和教练的声音，每 15-40 秒一次，总计=80 个声音）对固定耐力训练后的抑制控制、MOT 技能、HRV 和主观心理疲劳的急性影响。
在抑制控制的准确性方面，没有出现条件×时间的交互作用（p>0.05，ηp=0.001）。在抑制控制反应时间方面，出现了显著的条件×时间交互作用（p<0.05，ηp=0.16）。耐力+MOT+AD 和耐力+MOT 实验条件下的抑制控制反应时间较长（p<0.05）。在主观心理疲劳方面，出现了显著的条件×时间交互作用（p<0.05，ηp=0.46）。耐力+MOT+AD 和耐力+MOT 实验条件下的主观心理疲劳较高（p<0.05）。在 HRV 方面，没有出现条件×时间的交互作用（p>0.05，ηp=0.02）。
我们的结论是，在长时间的耐力训练中，认知努力会损害抑制控制，并增加心理疲劳，而不会促进专业足球运动员的 MOT 技能和 HRV 变化。
