Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
Biodegradation. 2024 Jun;35(3):225-247. doi: 10.1007/s10532-023-10052-3. Epub 2023 Sep 9.
Landfill leachate raises a huge risk to human health and the environment as it contains a high concentration of organic and inorganic contaminants, heavy metals, ammonia, and refractory substances. Among leachate treatment techniques, the biological methods are more environmentally benign and less expensive than the physical-chemical treatment methods. Over the last few years, fungal-based treatment processes have become popular due to their ability to produce powerful oxidative enzymes like peroxidases and laccases. Fungi have shown better removal efficiency in terms of color, ammonia, and COD. However, their use in the treatment of leachate is relatively recent and still needs to be investigated. This review article assesses the potential of fungi and fungal-derived enzymes in treating landfill leachate. The review also compares different enzymes involved in the fungal catabolism of organic pollutants and the enzyme degradation mechanisms. The effect of parameters like pH, temperature, contact time, dosage variation, heavy metals and ammonia are discussed. The paper also explores the reactor configuration used in the fungal treatment and the techniques used to improve leachate treatment efficacy, like pretreatment and fungi immobilisation. Finally, the review summarises the limitations and the future direction of work required to adapt the fungal application for leachate treatment on a large scale.
垃圾渗滤液对人类健康和环境构成了巨大的风险，因为它含有高浓度的有机和无机污染物、重金属、氨和难处理物质。在渗滤液处理技术中，生物方法比物理化学处理方法更环保且成本更低。在过去的几年中，基于真菌的处理工艺因其能够产生如过氧化物酶和漆酶等强大的氧化酶而受到关注。真菌在去除颜色、氨和 COD 方面表现出了更好的去除效率。然而，它们在渗滤液处理中的应用相对较新，仍需要进一步研究。本文评估了真菌及其衍生酶在处理垃圾渗滤液方面的潜力。本文还比较了参与有机污染物真菌分解代谢的不同酶以及酶降解机制。讨论了 pH 值、温度、接触时间、剂量变化、重金属和氨等参数的影响。本文还探讨了用于真菌处理的反应器配置以及用于提高渗滤液处理效果的技术，如预处理和真菌固定化。最后，本文总结了将真菌应用于大规模渗滤液处理所需的限制因素和未来工作方向。
