Koski K G, Hill F W, Hurley L S
J Nutr. 1986 Oct;116(10):1922-37. doi: 10.1093/jn/116.10.1922.
Effects in pregnant rats of feeding diets specifically deficient in carbohydrate were studied. The dietary nonprotein energy source was lipid, provided as intact fat (soybean oil) or a fatty acid mixture (edible oleic acid) or a combination of these. These diets provided 9.5% casein protein, which was shown to be minimally adequate in both the lipid-based experimental diets and the high carbohydrate control diet. The diets were fed from mating through d 21 of pregnancy, and pups were delivered by cesarean section. The soybean oil-based zero-carbohydrate diet supported embryogenesis and produced at term normal numbers of normal appearing pups of body weight lower than that of pups from the high carbohydrate control diet. In contrast, the oleic acid-based zero-carbohydrate diet failed to maintain pregnancy, indicating a requirement for carbohydrate or intact fat or both. To maintain pregnancy to term required both 5-10% intact fat and 4% carbohydrate as glucose or its equivalent amount of glycerol from lipid. From feeding graded levels of glucose in fatty acid based diets containing 5-10% intact fat as soybean oil, the carbohydrate requirement was found to be 6-8% glucose to sustain maternal food intake and weight gain and to produce normal fetal weight at term, and 12% glucose to provide approximately half the fetal liver glycogen levels in controls fed a high carbohydrate diet. These experiments have produced the first evidence of the quantitative requirement for carbohydrate for embryogenesis and fetal growth and development in the pregnant rat dam.
研究了给妊娠大鼠喂食特定缺乏碳水化合物的日粮所产生的影响。日粮中的非蛋白能量来源为脂质，以完整脂肪（大豆油）或脂肪酸混合物（食用油酸）或二者组合的形式提供。这些日粮含有9.5%的酪蛋白，结果表明，在基于脂质的实验日粮和高碳水化合物对照日粮中，该含量均为最低充足量。从交配开始至妊娠第21天喂食这些日粮，然后通过剖宫产分娩幼崽。以大豆油为基础的零碳水化合物日粮支持胚胎发育，足月时产出正常数量的外观正常的幼崽，但其体重低于高碳水化合物对照日粮组幼崽的体重。相比之下，以油酸为基础的零碳水化合物日粮未能维持妊娠，这表明对碳水化合物或完整脂肪或二者均有需求。要维持妊娠至足月，既需要5 - 10%的完整脂肪，也需要4%的碳水化合物，碳水化合物可以是葡萄糖，或者是来自脂质的等量甘油。通过在含有5 - 10%作为大豆油的完整脂肪的脂肪酸基日粮中投喂分级水平的葡萄糖，发现碳水化合物的需求量为6 - 8%的葡萄糖，以维持母体食物摄入量和体重增加，并在足月时产生正常的胎儿体重；而要使胎儿肝脏糖原水平达到喂食高碳水化合物日粮的对照组的大约一半，则需要12% 的葡萄糖。这些实验首次证明了妊娠大鼠母体胚胎发育以及胎儿生长和发育对碳水化合物的定量需求。
