Douven Igor, Verheyen Steven, Elqayam Shira, Gärdenfors Peter, Osta-Vélez Matías
IHPST / CNRS / Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2023 Sep 5;14:1234483. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1234483. eCollection 2023.
Whereas the validity of deductive inferences can be characterized in terms of their logical form, this is not true for all inferences that appear pre-theoretically valid. Nonetheless, philosophers have argued that at least some of those inferences-sometimes called "similarity-based inferences" -can be given a formal treatment with the help of similarity spaces, which are mathematical spaces purporting to represent human similarity judgments. In these inferences, we conclude that a given property pertains to a category of items on the grounds that the same property pertains to a similar category of items. We look at a specific proposal according to which the strength of such inferences is a function of the distance, as measured in the appropriate similarity space, between the category referenced in the premise and the category referenced in the conclusion. We report the outcomes of three studies that all support the said proposal.
虽然演绎推理的有效性可以根据其逻辑形式来表征，但对于所有在理论前看起来有效的推理而言并非如此。尽管如此，哲学家们认为，至少其中一些推理——有时被称为“基于相似性的推理”——可以借助相似性空间进行形式化处理，相似性空间是旨在表示人类相似性判断的数学空间。在这些推理中，我们基于同一属性属于相似类别的项目这一理由，得出给定属性属于某类项目的结论。我们考察了一个具体提议，根据该提议，此类推理的强度是在适当相似性空间中衡量的前提中所提及类别与结论中所提及类别之间距离的函数。我们报告了三项均支持上述提议的研究结果。
