Griebel-Thompson Adrianne K, Fazzino Tera L, Cramer Emily, Paluch Rocco A, Morris Katherine S, Kong Kai Ling
Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, United States.
Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
Front Nutr. 2023 Sep 7;10:1188852. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1188852. eCollection 2023.
Research has shown that early exposure to added sugars from table food is related to increased intake of added sugars in later childhood. The earliest window of exposure to added sugars may be in infancy via infant formula. However, beyond the well-established factors of maternal lifestyle and modeling, there is a lack of research examining how exposure to added sugars from infant formula influences infant/toddler added sugar intakes from table foods and sugar sweetened beverages (SSB).
While accounting factors previously associated with infant/toddler added sugar intakes and maternal SSB consumption (proximal measure of maternal modeling), this study aims to examine if there is an association between added sugars in infant formula and added sugar intakes from table foods and SSB during the complementary feeding period.
This is a secondary, cross-sectional analysis using three-day caregiver-reported 24-h dietary recalls in a cohort of infant/toddlers ( = 95), ages 9- < 16 mos., enrolled in a music intervention trial. Hierarchical stepwise regression was used to estimate the association between exposure to added sugars from infant formula and (1) intake of added sugars from table food and (2) SSB consumption. Infant/toddler SSB consumption was transformed to account for distributional properties. We performed incremental F-tests to determine whether the addition of each step improved model fit ().
Early exposure to added sugars via infant formula was associated with infant/toddler SSB (Δ = 0.044, Finc (1, 87) =6.009, = 0.016) beyond sociodemographic and maternal SSB consumption, but not with infant/toddler added sugar intakes from table foods (Δ = 0.02, Finc (1, 87) =3.308, = 0.072).
While past studies have identified circumstantial (i.e., sociodemographic), or indirect (i.e., maternal lifestyle and modeling), mechanisms contributing to higher infant/toddler added sugar intakes, this study identifies exposure to added sugars from infant formula as a possible direct mechanism explaining why some infants/toddlers consume more added sugars.
研究表明，早期从辅食中接触添加糖与儿童后期添加糖摄入量增加有关。接触添加糖的最早窗口期可能是在婴儿期通过婴儿配方奶粉。然而，除了已明确的母亲生活方式和榜样作用等因素外，缺乏研究探讨从婴儿配方奶粉中接触添加糖如何影响婴幼儿从辅食和含糖饮料（SSB）中摄入的添加糖量。
在考虑先前与婴幼儿添加糖摄入量和母亲含糖饮料消费（母亲榜样作用的近端指标）相关的因素的同时，本研究旨在探讨婴儿配方奶粉中的添加糖与辅食添加糖摄入量和辅食添加糖摄入量之间在辅食喂养期间是否存在关联。
这是一项二次横断面分析，使用了一组9至<16个月大的婴幼儿（n = 95）的照顾者报告的为期三天的24小时饮食回忆，这些婴幼儿参加了一项音乐干预试验。采用分层逐步回归来估计从婴儿配方奶粉中接触添加糖与（1）从辅食中摄入的添加糖量和（2）含糖饮料消费之间的关联。对婴幼儿含糖饮料消费量进行了转换以考虑分布特性。我们进行了增量F检验，以确定每一步的添加是否改善了模型拟合（p）。
除社会人口统计学和母亲含糖饮料消费外，通过婴儿配方奶粉早期接触添加糖与婴幼儿含糖饮料消费有关（ΔR² = 0.044，F增量(1, 87) = 6.009，p = 0.016），但与婴幼儿从辅食中摄入的添加糖量无关（ΔR² = 0.02，F增量(1, 87) = 3.308，p = 0.072）。
虽然过去的研究已经确定了导致婴幼儿添加糖摄入量较高的间接（即社会人口统计学）或间接（即母亲生活方式和榜样作用）机制，但本研究确定从婴儿配方奶粉中接触添加糖是解释为什么一些婴幼儿摄入更多添加糖的一种可能的直接机制。
