Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia "Nutrición para la vida (Nutrition for life)", ref: E02/0720, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain.
Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), c/General Álvarez de Castro 20, 1apta, 28010 Madrid, Spain.
Nutrients. 2022 Apr 16;14(8):1667. doi: 10.3390/nu14081667.
Currently, in Spain there are no studies assessing the intakes and sources of intrinsic and added sugars by both children consuming standard milks and children regularly consuming adapted milk formulas. Our goal was to evaluate current sugar intake levels (intrinsic and added) and their major dietary sources within the EsNuPI study participants by applying two 24-h dietary recalls that were completed by 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two subsamples: One “Spanish Reference Sample” (SRS) of the general population (n = 707) and another sample which included children consuming adapted milks including follow-on milk, toddler’s or growing up milk and fortified and enriched milks, here called “Adapted Milk Consumers Sample” (AMS) (n = 741). Estimates of intrinsic and added sugar intakes from the Spanish EsNuPI population as well as the adherence to recommendations varied notably according to age segment, but no major differences between subsamples were found. Younger children (1 to <3 years) showed the highest added sugar contribution to total energy intake (TEI) (SRS: 12.5% for boys and 11.7% for girls; AMS: 12.2% for boys and 11.3% for girls) and the lowest adherence to recommendations set at <10% TEI (SRS: 27.4% for boys and 37.2% for girls; AMS: 31.3% for boys and 34.7% for girls). Adherence increased with age but remains inadequate, with approximately one in two children from the older age segment (6 to <10 years) exceeding the recommendations. Main food sources of intrinsic sugars for both subsamples were milk and dairy products, fruits, vegetables and cereals, while for added sugars, these were milk and dairy products (mainly yogurts), sugars and sweets (mainly sugary cocoa and nougat), bakery products (mainly cookies) and cereals (mainly bread and wheat flour). However, for the AMS, the groups milk and dairy products and cereals showed a significantly lower contribution to intrinsic sugar intake but a significantly higher contribution to that of added sugars. These results demonstrate that sugar intake and the adherence to recommendations in the studied population varied notably according to age but not to the type of milk consumed. In addition, our results highlight the need to monitor the consumption of added sugars by the infant population, as well as the need to make efforts to facilitate this task, such as harmonizing the recommendations regarding free/added sugars and the inclusion of information on their content on the nutritional labeling of products in order to incorporate them into food composition databases.
目前，西班牙尚无研究评估标准牛奶的摄入情况以及经常饮用配方奶的儿童的内源性和添加糖的来源。我们的目标是通过应用两次 24 小时膳食回忆来评估 EsNuPI 研究参与者的当前糖摄入量（内源性和添加）及其主要饮食来源，这些回忆由 1448 名儿童（1 至<10 岁）完成，分为两个样本：一个是一般人群的“西班牙参考样本”（SRS）（n = 707），另一个样本包括饮用配方奶的儿童，包括后续奶、幼儿奶或成长奶以及强化和富化奶，这里称为“配方奶消费者样本”（AMS）（n = 741）。从西班牙 EsNuPI 人群中估计的内源性和添加糖摄入量以及对建议的遵守情况因年龄段而异，但在两个子样本之间未发现重大差异。年龄较小的儿童（1 至<3 岁）的添加糖对总能量摄入（TEI）的贡献最高（SRS：男孩为 12.5%，女孩为 11.7%；AMS：男孩为 12.2%，女孩为 11.3%），而遵守建议的比例最低，设定为<10%TEI（SRS：男孩为 27.4%，女孩为 37.2%；AMS：男孩为 31.3%，女孩为 34.7%）。随着年龄的增长，这种情况有所增加，但仍然不足，年龄较大的儿童中大约有一半（6 至<10 岁）超过了建议。两个子样本的内源性糖的主要食物来源是牛奶和奶制品、水果、蔬菜和谷物，而对于添加糖，这些是牛奶和奶制品（主要是酸奶）、糖和甜食（主要是含糖可可和牛轧糖）、烘焙食品（主要是饼干）和谷物（主要是面包和小麦粉）。然而，对于 AMS，牛奶和奶制品以及谷物组对内源性糖的摄入量的贡献明显较低，但对添加糖的摄入量的贡献明显较高。这些结果表明，在研究人群中，糖的摄入量和对建议的遵守情况因年龄而异，但与所消费的牛奶类型无关。此外，我们的结果强调了需要监测婴儿人群的添加糖摄入量，以及需要努力促进这项任务，例如协调关于游离/添加糖的建议，并在产品的营养标签上纳入其含量信息，以便将其纳入食品成分数据库。
