Ewais Osama, Abdel-Tawab Heba, El-Fayoumi Huda, Aboelhadid Shawky M, Al-Quraishy Saleh, Falkowski Piotr, Abdel-Baki Abdel-Azeem S
Department of Parasitology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
Molecules. 2023 Sep 14;28(18):6621. doi: 10.3390/molecules28186621.
This study investigated the anticoccidial activity of spinach () whole-plant extract against , both in vitro and in vivo. For this purpose, one hundred 8-day-old broiler chicks of both sexes were divided into four groups ( = 25 in each group). Chicks in the first group served as the negative control (non-treated-non-infected). Chicks in the second group were challenged at 18 days old with 5 × 10 sporulated oocysts. The third group was challenged with 5 × 10 sporulated oocysts at 18 days old after receiving spinach extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg at 8 days old. The fourth group received 0.2 mg/kg diclazuril (Coxiril 0.2%) in their diet two days before being orally infected with 5 × 10 sporulated oocysts and this continued till day 10 post-infection (PI). The growth performance, clinical symptoms, oocyst shedding, histological findings, and biochemical parameters were used to evaluate the efficacy on day 8 PI when the infection was at its peak. A gas chromatography examination revealed that omega-3 fatty acids were the main constituents of the spinach extract, followed by oleic acid, palmitic acid, and phytol, with amounts of 23.37%, 17.53%, 11.26%, and 7.97%, respectively. The in vitro investigation revealed that the spinach extract at concentrations of 10% and 5% inhibited the oocyst sporulation by 52.1% and 45.1%, respectively. The 5% concentration was selected for the in vivo trial based on the results of the in vitro study. The infected-untreated group showed high levels of OPG; lower body weight; a greater number of parasite stages; few goblet cells; decreased SOD, CAT, and GPX levels; and increased MDA and NO levels. The spinach-treated group, on the other hand, showed a significant decrease in oocyst output per gram of feces (OPG), increased body weight, decreased parasitic stages, and a nearly normal number of goblet cells. Additionally, it reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), while increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). In conclusion, spinach produced significant antioxidant effects, increased body weight, reduced the number of oocysts and parasite stages in the caecum, and restored the number of goblet cells relative to those of an uninfected control. Furthermore, spinach extract inhibits the sporulation of oocysts. The ethanolic extract of (whole plant) contained high concentrations of fatty acids, palmitic acid, Phytol, betulin, and ursolic aldehyde, all of which are known to regulate the antioxidant pathway and modulate inflammatory processes and may be the main reason for its anticoccidial activity.
本研究调查了菠菜全株提取物对柔嫩艾美耳球虫的体内外抗球虫活性。为此，将100只8日龄的雌雄肉鸡分为四组（每组n = 25）。第一组雏鸡作为阴性对照（未处理 - 未感染）。第二组雏鸡在18日龄时用5×10⁴个孢子化卵囊进行攻毒。第三组雏鸡在8日龄时接受50 mg/kg剂量的菠菜提取物，18日龄时用5×10⁴个孢子化柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊进行攻毒。第四组雏鸡在口服感染5×10⁴个孢子化柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊前两天，在其日粮中添加0.2 mg/kg地克珠利（0.2% 克球粉），并持续至感染后第10天（PI）。在感染高峰期的感染后第8天，通过生长性能、临床症状、卵囊排泄、组织学检查结果和生化参数来评估疗效。气相色谱检查显示，ω-3脂肪酸是菠菜提取物的主要成分，其次是油酸、棕榈酸和叶绿醇，含量分别为23.37%、17.53%、11.26%和7.97%。体外研究表明，浓度为10%和5%的菠菜提取物分别抑制卵囊孢子化52.1%和45.1%。根据体外研究结果，选择5%的浓度进行体内试验。未处理的感染组显示出高OPG水平；体重较低；寄生虫阶段数量较多；杯状细胞较少；超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）水平降低；丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）水平升高。另一方面，菠菜处理组每克粪便中的卵囊产量（OPG）显著降低，体重增加，寄生虫阶段减少，杯状细胞数量接近正常。此外，它降低了丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）水平，同时增加了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）水平。总之，相对于未感染的对照组，菠菜产生了显著的抗氧化作用，增加了体重，减少了盲肠中的卵囊和寄生虫阶段数量，并恢复了杯状细胞数量。此外，菠菜提取物抑制柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊的孢子化。菠菜（全株）乙醇提取物含有高浓度的脂肪酸、棕榈酸、叶绿醇、桦木醇和熊果酸，所有这些成分都已知可调节抗氧化途径并调节炎症过程，可能是其抗球虫活性 的主要原因。
