Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Sep;11(9):e1001. doi: 10.1002/iid3.1001.
Ascaridia galli is the largest gut-dwelling helminth of chickens, which confers adverse effects on meat and egg production; thus, on the animal protein supply and the economy. Both adult and immature parasites affect gut health, but larval stages play a major role in pathology.
Here, we present immunology and pathology of A. galli in chickens.
Literatures were surveyed through online platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate.
The larvae cause excessive mucus production, damage to the intestinal gland, hemorrhage, anemia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The adult worms can cause death by intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Although both cellular and humoral immunity are involved in fighting against ascariasis, the role of naturally acquired immunity is poorly defined. In cellular immunity, Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13), goblet cells (mucin), gut-associated lymphoid tissues, CD8α+ intraepithelial cells, TCRγδ + T cells, and TGF-β4 form a protective band. Type 2 immunity provides protection by forming a network of endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns, chitin, and parasitic antigens. Among antibodies, IgY is the most prominent in chickens and provides temporary humoral protection. During parasitic infection, infiltration of various immune cells is evident, especially in the intestinal epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts of the duodenum and jejunum. In chickens older than 12 weeks, gradual reduction of worm burden is more successful than the younger birds. Female chickens exert a short-lived but higher level of protection by passing IgY to chicks in the form of egg yolk antibodies. In laying conditions, immunity differs between breeds. This review provides an overview of the silent but inevitable pathological changes induced by A. galli and the interaction of host immunity with the parasite.
鸡蛔虫是鸡体内最大的寄生蠕虫，对肉和蛋的生产有不利影响，从而影响动物蛋白质的供应和经济。成虫和未成熟的寄生虫都会影响肠道健康，但幼虫阶段在病理学中起主要作用。
本研究介绍了鸡蛔虫的免疫学和病理学。
通过 PubMed、Google Scholar 和 Researchgate 等在线平台检索文献。
幼虫会导致过度黏液分泌、肠腺损伤、出血、贫血、腹泻和营养不良。成虫会导致肠梗阻和肠套叠而死亡。尽管细胞免疫和体液免疫都参与了对抗蛔虫感染，但天然获得性免疫的作用尚未明确。在细胞免疫中，Th2 细胞因子（IL-4、IL-5、IL-9 和 IL-13）、杯状细胞（粘蛋白）、肠道相关淋巴组织、CD8α+上皮内细胞、TCRγδ+T 细胞和 TGF-β4 形成一个保护性带。2 型免疫通过形成内源性损伤相关分子模式、几丁质和寄生虫抗原的网络提供保护。在抗体中，IgY 在鸡中最为突出，提供暂时的体液保护。在寄生虫感染期间，各种免疫细胞浸润明显，尤其是在十二指肠和空肠的肠上皮、固有层和隐窝。在 12 周龄以上的鸡中，比幼鸡更成功地逐渐减少蠕虫负担。产蛋母鸡通过卵黄抗体将 IgY 传递给小鸡，从而产生短暂但高水平的保护。在产蛋条件下，不同品种的免疫反应不同。本综述概述了 A. galli 引起的沉默但不可避免的病理变化以及宿主免疫与寄生虫的相互作用。
