Yazdi Mohsen Khodadadi, Sajadi S Mohammad, Seidi Farzad, Rabiee Navid, Fatahi Yousef, Rabiee Mohammad, Dominic C D Midhun, Zarrintaj Payam, Formela Krzysztof, Saeb Mohammad Reza, Bencherif Sidi A
Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China.
Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 625, Erbil, Iraq.
Prog Polym Sci. 2022 Oct;133. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101590. Epub 2022 Aug 9.
Recent advances in materials science and engineering highlight the importance of designing sophisticated biomaterials with well-defined architectures and tunable properties for emerging biomedical applications. Click chemistry, a powerful method allowing specific and controllable bioorthogonal reactions, has revolutionized our ability to make complex molecular structures with a high level of specificity, selectivity, and yield under mild conditions. These features combined with minimal byproduct formation have enabled the design of a wide range of macromolecular architectures from quick and versatile click reactions. Furthermore, copper-free click chemistry has resulted in a change of paradigm, allowing researchers to perform highly selective chemical reactions in biological environments to further understand the structure and function of cells. In living systems, introducing clickable groups into biomolecules such as polysaccharides (PSA) has been explored as a general approach to conduct medicinal chemistry and potentially help solve healthcare needs. De novo biosynthetic pathways for chemical synthesis have also been exploited and optimized to perform PSA-based bioconjugation inside living cells without interfering with their native processes or functions. This strategy obviates the need for laborious and costly chemical reactions which normally require extensive and time-consuming purification steps. Using these approaches, various PSA-based macromolecules have been manufactured as building blocks for the design of novel biomaterials. Clickable PSA provides a powerful and versatile toolbox for biomaterials scientists and will increasingly play a crucial role in the biomedical field. Specifically, bioclick reactions with PSA have been leveraged for the design of advanced drug delivery systems and minimally invasive injectable hydrogels. In this review article, we have outlined the key aspects and breadth of PSA-derived bioclick reactions as a powerful and versatile toolbox to design advanced polymeric biomaterials for biomedical applications such as molecular imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Additionally, we have also discussed the past achievements, present developments, and recent trends of clickable PSA-based biomaterials such as 3D printing, as well as their challenges, clinical translatability, and future perspectives.
材料科学与工程领域的最新进展凸显了设计具有明确结构和可调性能的精密生物材料对于新兴生物医学应用的重要性。点击化学是一种强大的方法，可实现特定且可控的生物正交反应，它彻底改变了我们在温和条件下以高特异性、选择性和产率制备复杂分子结构的能力。这些特性与极少的副产物形成相结合，使得通过快速且通用的点击反应设计出广泛的大分子结构成为可能。此外，无铜点击化学带来了范式转变，使研究人员能够在生物环境中进行高度选择性的化学反应，以进一步了解细胞的结构和功能。在生命系统中，将可点击基团引入多糖（PSA）等生物分子已被探索为开展药物化学研究并潜在帮助解决医疗需求的通用方法。化学合成的从头生物合成途径也已得到开发和优化，以在活细胞内进行基于PSA的生物共轭，而不干扰其天然过程或功能。这种策略避免了通常需要大量且耗时的纯化步骤的繁琐且昂贵的化学反应。利用这些方法，已制造出各种基于PSA的大分子作为新型生物材料设计的构建模块。可点击的PSA为生物材料科学家提供了一个强大且通用的工具箱，并将在生物医学领域日益发挥关键作用。具体而言，与PSA的生物点击反应已被用于设计先进的药物递送系统和微创可注射水凝胶。在这篇综述文章中，我们概述了源自PSA的生物点击反应作为一个强大且通用的工具箱的关键方面和广度，该工具箱用于设计用于分子成像、药物递送和组织工程等生物医学应用的先进聚合物生物材料。此外，我们还讨论了基于可点击PSA的生物材料（如3D打印）的过去成就、当前进展和最新趋势，以及它们面临的挑战、临床可转化性和未来前景。
