Detection of tetracycline resistance genes and their diversity in isolated from pig farm waste in Banten province, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Livestock waste in the form of feces and liquid represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Because many ARGs can be horizontally transferred to other pathogens, livestock waste plays an essential role in the emergence and transmission of various ARGs in the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to detect and assess the diversity of genes in isolated from pig farm waste in Banten province, Indonesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Solid waste (feces) and wastewater were collected from 44 pig farms in Banten province. The isolation and identification of referred to the Global Tricycle Surveillance extended-spectrum beta-lactamase World Health Organization (2021) guidelines. genes were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction after dividing pig farms in the province into four clusters based on their adjacent areas and characteristics.

RESULTS

, , , , , and were detected in solid waste and wastewater from pig farms, whereas was not detected in either sample type. (100%) and (75%) were the most dominant genes in solid waste, whereas wastewater samples were dominated by , , , and (prevalence of 50% each). Furthermore, eight gene patterns were found in pig farm waste (prevalence of 12.5% each).

CONCLUSION

The results showed a high prevalence of and in solid waste and wastewater from pig farms in Banten province. This significant prevalence and diversity indicated the transmission of genes from pigs to the environment, posing a serious threat to public health.