Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, Tamil Nadu, India.
Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory (LII), Nanostructures & Biomaterials, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, Guanajuato C.P. 37689, Mexico.
Environ Res. 2024 Jan 1;240(Pt 1):117447. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117447. Epub 2023 Oct 18.
An increase in the global population has led to an increment in the food consumption, which has demanded high food production. To meet the production demands, different techniques and technologies are adopted in agriculture the past 70 years, where utilization of the industry-manufactured/synthetic pesticides (SPTCs - e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, acaricides, avicides, and so on) is one of them. However, it has been later revealed that the usage of SPTCs has negatively impacted the environment - especially water and soil, and also agricultural products - mainly foods. Though preventive measures are taken by government agencies, still the utilization rate of SPTCs is high, and consequently, their maximum residual limit (MRL) levels in food are above tolerance, which further results in serious health concerns in humans. So, there is an immediate need for decreasing the utilization of the SPTCs by delivering them effectively at reduced levels in agriculture but with the required efficacy. Apart from that, it is mandatory to detect/sense and also to remove them to lessen the environmental pollution, while developing effective alternative techniques/technologies. Among many suitable materials that are developed/idenified, chitosan, a bio-polymer has gained great attention and is comprehensively implemented in all the above-mentioned applications - sensing, delivery and removal, due to their excellent and required properties. Though many works are available, in this work, a special attention is given to chitosan and its derivatives (i.e., chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs))based removal, controlled release and sensing of the SPTCs - specifically herbicides and insecticides. Moreover, the chitosan/CNPs-based protective effects on the in vivo models during/after their exposure to the SPTCs, and the current technologies like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) as alternatives for SPTCs are also reviewed.
全球人口的增长导致了粮食消费的增加，这就需要大量的粮食生产。为了满足生产需求，过去 70 年农业采用了不同的技术和技术，其中包括利用工业制造/合成农药（SPTCs-例如除草剂、杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀细菌剂、杀线虫剂、杀螨剂、杀鸟剂等）。然而，后来发现 SPTC 的使用对环境-特别是水和土壤，以及农产品-主要是食品产生了负面影响。尽管政府机构采取了预防措施，但 SPTC 的利用率仍然很高，因此其在食品中的最大残留限量（MRL）水平超过了容忍度，这进一步导致了人类的严重健康问题。因此，迫切需要减少 SPTC 的使用，以较低的水平有效输送它们，但仍需保持所需的功效。除此之外，还必须检测/感测并去除它们，以减少环境污染，同时开发有效的替代技术/技术。在许多已开发/确定的合适材料中，壳聚糖作为一种生物聚合物，由于其优异和所需的特性，引起了极大的关注，并在所有上述应用中得到了广泛的应用，包括感测、输送和去除。尽管有许多相关的工作，但在这项工作中，特别关注了壳聚糖及其衍生物（即壳聚糖纳米粒子（CNP））在 SPTCs-特别是除草剂和杀虫剂的去除、控制释放和感测方面的应用。此外，还综述了壳聚糖/CNP 基在 SPTCs 暴露后体内模型的保护作用，以及当前替代 SPTCs 的技术，如聚类规则间隔短回文重复（CRISPR）。
