Hayes-Bautista D E, Chapa J
Am J Public Health. 1987 Jan;77(1):61-8. doi: 10.2105/ajph.77.1.61.
Conceptually, the only element that all Latin American countries share is not language, race, or culture, but political: the presence of United States foreign policy as pronounced in the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. The political relation between the US and Latin America has colored US domestic policy toward its populations of Latin American origin. From the beginning of US-Latin American relations, there has been a constant confusion of race for national origin, compounded by the adoption of euphemistic terms such as "Spanish surname." The term "Latino", derived from "Latin American," is offered as the term that best reflects both the diverse national origins and the nearly unitary treatment of Latinos in the US. The term Latino is operationalized to include all persons of Latin American origin or descent, irrespective of language, race, or culture. Specifically excluded are individuals of Spanish national origin outside the Western Hemisphere. When a synthetic sample has been derived, the term should be modified to reflect the basis upon which the sample was derived, e.g., "Latino (Spanish surname)." When working with Latinos from a specific national origin, that should be noted, e.g., "Mexican origin Latinos."
从概念上讲，所有拉丁美洲国家唯一的共同要素并非语言、种族或文化，而是政治因素：即1823年《门罗宣言》所阐明的美国外交政策的存在。美国与拉丁美洲之间的政治关系影响了美国对其拉丁裔人口的国内政策。自美国与拉丁美洲关系伊始，种族就一直与国籍相混淆，而诸如“西班牙姓氏”这样委婉语的使用更是加剧了这种混淆。“拉丁裔”一词源自“拉丁美洲”，被认为是最能反映在美国的拉丁裔多样的国籍出身以及几乎统一的待遇的术语。“拉丁裔”一词涵盖所有拉丁美洲裔或有拉丁美洲血统的人，不论其语言、种族或文化如何。西半球以外的西班牙国籍个人被明确排除在外。当得出一个综合样本时，该术语应加以修改以反映样本得出的依据，例如“拉丁裔（西班牙姓氏）”。当研究特定国籍出身的拉丁裔时，应予以注明，例如“墨西哥裔拉丁裔”。
