Alarjani Khaloud Mohammed, Yehia Hany Mohamed, Badr Ahmed Noah, Ali Hatem Salma, Al-Masoud Abdulrahman Hamad, Alhaqbani Sarah Mubark, Alkhatib Shahad Ahmed, Rady Ahmed Moustafa
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Pharmaceutics. 2023 Sep 26;15(10):2386. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102386.
Propolis is a naturally occurring substance with beneficial properties; bees produce it from various plant sources, and it is an anti-inflammatory and therapeutic resinous substance. This study aimed to enhance the biological features of propolis extract by loading it onto active film. Firstly, extraction was performed using three solvent systems, and their total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity was measured. Propolis ethanol extract (EEP) was evaluated for phenolic fraction content and then chosen to prepare a chitosan-loaded emulsion with several concentrations. The antibacterial, anti-mycotic, and anti-mycotoxigenic properties of the extract and nanoemulsion were assessed. PPE's cytotoxicity and nanoemulsion were evaluated using brine shrimp and cell line assays. Results indicate higher phenolic (322.57 ± 4.28 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoid (257.64 ± 5.27 mg QE/g DW), and antioxidant activity of the EEP. The phenolic fraction is distinguished by 18 phenolic acids with high -hydroxybenzoic content (171.75 ± 1.64 µg/g) and 12 flavonoid compounds with high pinocembrin and quercetin content (695.91 ± 1.76 and 532.35 ± 1.88 µg/g, respectively). Phenolic acid derivatives (3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenol acetate, and di-methoxy cinnamic) are also found. Concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 ng EEP loaded on chitosan nanoemulsion reflect significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and toxigenic fungi, particularly . Among the four EEP-loaded concentrations, the nanoemulsion with 150 ng showed outstanding features. Using a simulated medium, 150 and 200 ng of EEP-loaded chitosan nanoemulsion concentrations can stop zearalenone production in media with complete fungi inhibition. Also, it reduced aflatoxins production in media, with fungal inhibition (up to 47.18%). These results recommended the EEP-chitosan application for pharmaceutics and medical use as a comprehensive wound healing agent.
蜂胶是一种具有有益特性的天然物质；蜜蜂从各种植物来源中采集并生产蜂胶，它是一种具有抗炎和治疗作用的树脂状物质。本研究旨在通过将蜂胶提取物负载到活性膜上来增强其生物学特性。首先，使用三种溶剂系统进行提取，并测定其总酚、黄酮和抗氧化活性。对蜂胶乙醇提取物（EEP）的酚类成分含量进行评估，然后选择用几种浓度制备壳聚糖负载乳液。评估了提取物和纳米乳液的抗菌、抗真菌和抗产毒特性。使用卤虫和细胞系试验评估了PPE的细胞毒性和纳米乳液。结果表明EEP具有较高的酚类（322.57±4.28毫克没食子酸当量/克干重）、黄酮类（257.64±5.27毫克槲皮素当量/克干重）和抗氧化活性。酚类成分的特点是含有18种酚酸，其中对羟基苯甲酸含量较高（171.75±1.64微克/克），以及12种黄酮类化合物，其中松属素和槲皮素含量较高（分别为695.91±1.76和532.35±1.88微克/克）。还发现了酚酸衍生物（3,4-二羟基苯甲醛、3,4-二羟基苯乙酸和二甲基肉桂酸）。负载在壳聚糖纳米乳液上的50、100、150和200纳克EEP浓度对病原菌，特别是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和产毒真菌，特别是 ，具有显著的抗菌活性。在四种负载EEP的浓度中，150纳克的纳米乳液表现出突出的特性。使用模拟培养基，150和200纳克负载EEP的壳聚糖纳米乳液浓度可以在完全抑制真菌的培养基中阻止玉米赤霉烯酮的产生。此外，它还降低了黄曲霉毒素在培养基中的产生，并抑制了真菌（高达47.18%）。这些结果推荐将EEP-壳聚糖应用于制药和医疗领域作为一种全面的伤口愈合剂。
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