Department of Psychiatry, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey,
Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey,
Psychiatr Danub. 2023 Winter;35(4):523-534. doi: 10.24869/psyd.2023.523.
Misattribution of motivational salience to non-salient (neutral) stimuli could be viewed as a hallmark of psychosis in schizophrenia. Studies have recently revealed increased subjective experience of emotional arousal (EA) to neutral social stimuli in paranoid schizophrenia psychosis, suggesting a misattribution of emotional salience to them. We examined this phenomenon directly by quantifying the level of EA subjectively attributed to low-arousal, neutral-valenced faces.
Patients with remitted schizophrenia (PG) (n=26), first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients (RG) (n=25), and healthy controls (HCG) (n=36) were compared in terms of oxidative stress parameters -serum Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Nitrite, Nitrate, Malondialdehyde, and Total Glutathione levels-, social cognition measured by the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and working memory measured by the N-back Task. Groups were compared, assuming that HCG had a genetically lower risk of schizophrenia compared to PG and RG.
HCG performed significantly better than PG and RG, who were genetically at high risk, in terms of social cognition (respectively p=0.000, p=0.014), working memory (respectively p=0.001, p=0.003), and had statistically lower Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) level than the PG and RG (both p:0.000). After controlling for the effect of the general intellectual abilities measured by the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices Test and working memory the differences between groups on the Eyes Test disappeared (p=0.057). However, this value tended to be significant.
It was concluded that social cognition and working memory and GPx level may be used as endophenotypes and social cognition, working memory, and general intellectual skills are different but strongly related constructs. Endophenotypes guide treatment targets even after the disease has developed. The results of our study showed that in addition to psychopharmacological treatments, interventions to reduce oxidative stress and approaches to improve cognitive skills will have a positive impact on the disease's progression.
将激励显著性错误归因于非显著（中性）刺激，这可能被视为精神分裂症中精神病的标志。最近的研究表明，偏执型精神分裂症患者对中性社会刺激的情绪唤醒（EA）有更高的主观体验，这表明他们对情绪显著性有错误归因。我们通过量化对低唤醒、中性效价面孔主观归因的 EA 水平来直接研究这种现象。
比较缓解期精神分裂症患者（PG）（n=26）、精神分裂症患者的一级亲属（RG）（n=25）和健康对照组（HCG）（n=36）的氧化应激参数-血清超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、丙二醛和总谷胱甘肽水平-、通过阅读眼睛测试测量的社会认知和通过 N 回任务测量的工作记忆。假设 HCG 比 PG 和 RG 的精神分裂症遗传风险低，因此对组进行比较。
HCG 在社会认知方面的表现明显优于 PG 和 RG，后者遗传风险较高（分别为 p=0.000，p=0.014），在工作记忆方面（分别为 p=0.001，p=0.003），并且其谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）水平明显低于 PG 和 RG（均 p：0.000）。在控制了瑞文标准渐进矩阵测试测量的一般智力能力和工作记忆的影响后，各组之间在眼睛测试上的差异消失（p=0.057）。然而，该值趋于显著。
研究得出的结论是，社会认知、工作记忆和 GPx 水平可以作为内表型，社会认知、工作记忆和一般智力技能是不同但密切相关的结构。内表型甚至在疾病发展后也可以指导治疗目标。我们的研究结果表明，除了精神药理学治疗外，减少氧化应激和提高认知技能的干预措施将对疾病的进展产生积极影响。
