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生殖细胞囊的古老起源和功能。

The Ancient Origin and Function of Germline Cysts.

机构信息

Carnegie Institution for Science/Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.

出版信息

Results Probl Cell Differ. 2024;71:3-21. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_1.

Abstract

Gamete production in most animal species is initiated within an evolutionarily ancient multicellular germline structure, the germline cyst, whose interconnected premeiotic cells synchronously develop from a single progenitor arising just downstream from a stem cell. Cysts in mice, Drosophila, and many other animals protect developing sperm, while in females, cysts generate nurse cells that guard sister oocytes from transposons (TEs) and help them grow and build a Balbiani body. However, the origin and extreme evolutionary conservation of germline cysts remains a mystery. We suggest that cysts arose in ancestral animals like Hydra and Planaria whose multipotent somatic and germline stem cells (neoblasts) express genes conserved in all animal germ cells and frequently begin differentiation in cysts. A syncytial state is proposed to help multipotent stem cell chromatin transition to an epigenetic state with heterochromatic domains suitable for TE repression and specialized function. Most modern animals now lack neoblasts but have retained stem cells and cysts in their early germlines, which continue to function using this ancient epigenetic strategy.

摘要

配子在大多数动物物种中的产生是在一个古老的多细胞生殖系结构——生殖泡中启动的,这个生殖泡的相互连接的减数分裂前细胞从一个刚在干细胞下游出现的单一祖细胞同步发育而来。在小鼠、果蝇和许多其他动物中,泡囊保护发育中的精子,而在雌性中,泡囊产生滋养细胞,保护姐妹卵母细胞免受转座子(TEs)的侵害,并帮助它们生长和构建巴尔比尼体。然而,生殖泡的起源和极端的进化保守性仍然是一个谜。我们认为,泡囊起源于像水螅和涡虫这样的祖先动物,它们的多能体和生殖系干细胞(成体干细胞)表达所有动物生殖细胞中保守的基因,并经常在泡囊中开始分化。提出了一个合胞体状态,以帮助多能干细胞染色质转变为具有异染色质区域的表观遗传状态,这些区域适合 TE 抑制和专门功能。大多数现代动物现在缺乏成体干细胞,但在它们早期的生殖系中保留了干细胞和泡囊,这些泡囊继续使用这种古老的表观遗传策略发挥作用。

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