Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, A.C. 91073, México.
Ecohealth. 2023 Sep;20(3):286-299. doi: 10.1007/s10393-023-01650-x. Epub 2023 Nov 28.
Ecologies of zoonotic vector-borne diseases may shift with climate and land use change. As many urban-adapted mammals can host ectoparasites and pathogens of human and animal health concern, our goal was to compare patterns of arthropod-borne disease among medium-sized mammals across gradients of rural to urban landscapes in multiple regions of California. DNA of Anaplasma phagocytophilum was found in 1-5% of raccoons, coyotes, and San Joaquin kit foxes; Borrelia burgdorferi in one coyote, rickettsiae in two desert kit foxes, and Yersinia pestis in two coyotes. There was serological evidence of rickettsiae in 14-37% of coyotes, Virginia opossums, and foxes; and A. phagocytophilum in 6-40% of coyotes, raccoons, Virginia opossums, and foxes. Of six flea species, one Ctenocephalides felis from a raccoon was positive for Y. pestis, and Ct. felis and Pulex simulans fleas tested positive for Rickettsia felis and R. senegalensis. A Dermacentor similis tick off a San Joaquin kit fox was PCR-positive for A. phagocytophilum. There were three statistically significant risk factors: risk of A. phagocytophilum PCR-positivity was threefold greater in fall vs the other three seasons; hosts adjacent to urban areas had sevenfold increased A. phagocytophilum seropositivity compared with urban and rural areas; and there was a significant spatial cluster of rickettsiae within greater Los Angeles. Animals in areas where urban and rural habitats interconnect can serve as sentinels during times of change in disease risk.
人畜共患病的媒介传播疾病的生态系统可能会随着气候和土地利用的变化而发生变化。由于许多适应城市环境的哺乳动物可以携带人类和动物健康关注的寄生虫和病原体，因此我们的目标是比较加利福尼亚多个地区农村到城市景观梯度中中型哺乳动物的节肢动物传播疾病模式。在浣熊、郊狼和圣华金狐中，1-5%的个体中发现了嗜吞噬细胞无形体的 DNA；在一只郊狼中发现了伯氏疏螺旋体，在两只沙漠狐中发现了立克次体，在两只郊狼中发现了鼠疫耶尔森菌。14-37%的郊狼、弗吉尼亚负鼠和狐狸存在立克次体血清学证据；6-40%的郊狼、浣熊、弗吉尼亚负鼠和狐狸存在嗜吞噬细胞无形体血清学证据。在六种跳蚤中，一只来自浣熊的猫栉首蚤对鼠疫耶尔森菌呈阳性，猫栉首蚤和沙氏纤蚤的跳蚤对猫型无形体和罗得西亚无形体呈阳性。从一只圣华金狐身上取下的一只草原革蜱 PCR 检测为嗜吞噬细胞无形体阳性。有三个具有统计学意义的风险因素：与其他三个季节相比，秋季的嗜吞噬细胞无形体 PCR 阳性率高 3 倍；与城市和农村地区相比，毗邻城市地区的宿主的嗜吞噬细胞无形体血清阳性率增加了 7 倍；在大洛杉矶地区有一个明显的立克次体空间聚类。在疾病风险发生变化时，城乡栖息地相互连接的区域中的动物可以作为监测哨。
