Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile.
Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Dec 6;24(24):17168. doi: 10.3390/ijms242417168.
The study of adipose tissue has received considerable attention due to its importance not just in maintaining body energy homeostasis but also in playing a role in a number of other physiological processes. Beyond storing energy, adipose tissue is important in endocrine, immunological, and neuromodulatory functions, secreting hormones that participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis. An imbalance of these functions will generate structural and functional changes in the adipose tissue, favoring the secretion of deleterious adipocytokines that induce a pro-inflammatory state, allowing the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and even some types of cancer. A common theme worldwide has been the development of professional guidelines for the control and treatment of obesity, with emphasis on hypocaloric diets and exercise. The aim of this review is to examine the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity, considering the relationship among adipose tissue and two aspects that contribute positively or negatively to keeping a healthy body homeostasis, namely, exercise and noninfectious diseases. We conclude that the relationship of these aspects does not have homogeneous effects among individuals. Nevertheless, it is possible to establish some common mechanisms, like a decrease in pro-inflammatory markers in the case of exercise, and an increase in chronic inflammation in non-communicable diseases. An accurate diagnosis might consider the particular variables of a patient, namely their molecular profile and how it affects its metabolism, routines, and lifestyle; their underling health conditions; and probably even the constitution of their microbiome. We foresee that the development and accessibility of omics approaches and precision medicine will greatly improve the diagnosis, treatment, and successful outcomes for obese patients.
脂肪组织的研究受到了相当多的关注，因为它不仅在维持身体能量平衡方面很重要，而且在许多其他生理过程中也发挥着作用。除了储存能量外，脂肪组织在内分泌、免疫和神经调节功能方面也很重要，它分泌的激素参与调节能量平衡。这些功能的失衡会导致脂肪组织发生结构和功能的变化，有利于分泌有害的脂肪细胞因子，从而引发促炎状态，导致代谢和心血管疾病，甚至某些类型的癌症的发生。全世界的一个共同主题是制定肥胖症的控制和治疗专业指南，重点是低热量饮食和运动。本文的目的是研究肥胖症的病理生理机制，考虑脂肪组织与两个方面的关系，这两个方面对保持健康的身体平衡有积极或消极的影响，即运动和非传染性疾病。我们的结论是，这些方面的关系在个体之间没有相同的影响。然而，有可能建立一些共同的机制，例如运动可以降低促炎标志物，而非传染性疾病会导致慢性炎症增加。准确的诊断可能需要考虑患者的特定变量，例如他们的分子特征及其对代谢、日常生活和生活方式的影响；他们潜在的健康状况；甚至可能还有他们的微生物组构成。我们预计，组学方法和精准医学的发展和普及将极大地改善肥胖患者的诊断、治疗和预后。
