Carlos Heather, Weiss Julie E, Carter Benjamin, Akré Ellesse-Roselee L, Diaz Adrian, Loehrer Andrew P
Dartmouth Cancer Center.
The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice.
Res Sq. 2023 Dec 22:rs.3.rs-3783331. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3783331/v1.
The role of historic residential redlining on health disparities is intertwined with policy changes made before and after the 1930s that influence current neighborhood characteristics and shape ongoing structural racism in the United States. We developed Neighborhood Trajectories which combine historic redlining data and the current neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics as a novel approach to studying structural racism. Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) neighborhoods for the entire U.S. were used to map the HOLC grades to the 2020 U.S. Census block group polygons based on the percentage of HOLC areas in each block group. Each block group was also assigned an Area Deprivation Index (ADI) from the Neighborhood Atlas. To evaluate changes in neighborhoods from historic HOLC grades to present degree of deprivation, we aggregated block groups into "Neighborhood Trajectories" using historic HOLC grades and current ADI. The Neighborhood Trajectories are "Advantage Stable"; "Advantage Reduced"; "Disadvantage Reduced"; and "Disadvantage Stable." Neighborhood Trajectories were established for 13.3% (32,152) of the block groups in the U.S., encompassing 38,005,799 people. Overall, the Disadvantage-Reduced trajectory had the largest population (16,307,217 people). However, the largest percentage of Non-Hispanic/Latino Black residents (34%) fell in the Advantage-Reduced trajectory, while the largest percentage of Non-Hispanic/Latino White residents (60%) fell in the Advantage-Stable trajectory. The development of the Neighborhood Trajectories affords a more nuanced mechanism to investigate dynamic processes from historic policy, socioeconomic development, and ongoing marginalization. This adaptable methodology may enable investigation of ongoing sociopolitical processes including gentrification of neighborhoods (Disadvantage-Reduced trajectory) and "White flight" (Advantage Reduced trajectory).
历史上住宅红线下调对健康差异的影响与20世纪30年代前后的政策变化交织在一起，这些政策变化影响了当前的社区特征，并塑造了美国持续存在的结构性种族主义。我们开发了“社区轨迹”，将历史红线下调数据与当前社区社会经济特征相结合，作为研究结构性种族主义的一种新方法。利用美国房主贷款公司（HOLC）对整个美国社区的评级，根据每个普查街区组中HOLC区域的百分比，将HOLC等级映射到2020年美国人口普查街区组多边形上。每个街区组还被赋予了邻里地图集的区域剥夺指数（ADI）。为了评估社区从历史HOLC等级到当前剥夺程度的变化，我们使用历史HOLC等级和当前ADI将街区组汇总为“社区轨迹”。社区轨迹分为“优势稳定型”、“优势降低型”、“劣势降低型”和“劣势稳定型”。美国13.3%（32152个）的街区组建立了社区轨迹，涵盖38005799人。总体而言，“劣势降低型”轨迹的人口最多（16307217人）。然而，非西班牙裔/拉丁裔黑人居民比例最高（34%）的是“优势降低型”轨迹，而非西班牙裔/拉丁裔白人居民比例最高（60%）的是“优势稳定型”轨迹。社区轨迹的发展提供了一个更细致入微的机制，以研究历史政策、社会经济发展和持续边缘化的动态过程。这种适应性强的方法可能有助于调查当前的社会政治过程，包括社区的绅士化（“劣势降低型”轨迹）和“白人外逃”（“优势降低型”轨迹）。
