Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
Front Immunol. 2024 Jan 4;14:1281096. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281096. eCollection 2023.
The complement system is a fundamental part of the innate immune system that plays a key role in the battle of the human body against invading pathogens. Through its three pathways, represented by the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, the complement system forms a tightly regulated network of soluble proteins, membrane-expressed receptors, and regulators with versatile protective and killing mechanisms. However, ingenious pathogens have developed strategies over the years to protect themselves from this complex part of the immune system. This review briefly discusses the sequence of the complement activation pathways. Then, we present a comprehensive updated overview of how the major four pathogenic groups, namely, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, control, modulate, and block the complement attacks at different steps of the complement cascade. We shed more light on the ability of those pathogens to deploy more than one mechanism to tackle the complement system in their path to establish infection within the human host.
补体系统是先天免疫系统的重要组成部分，在人体抵御入侵病原体的过程中发挥着关键作用。补体系统通过经典途径、替代途径和凝集素途径这三种途径，形成了一个由可溶性蛋白、膜表达受体和调节剂组成的紧密调控网络，具有多种保护和杀伤机制。然而，多年来，巧妙的病原体已经发展出了从免疫系统的这一复杂部分中自我保护的策略。本综述简要讨论了补体激活途径的顺序。然后，我们全面更新了主要的四大病原体群，即细菌、病毒、真菌和寄生虫，如何在补体级联的不同步骤中控制、调节和阻断补体攻击的概述。我们更深入地了解了这些病原体在感染人体宿主的过程中，为了克服补体系统而部署一种以上机制的能力。
