Li Jian, Chen Luo, Zhou Dongsheng, Tang Enze, Zheng Jiewei, Huang Xiaoqi, Zhong Bao-Liang, Guan Chenxiao, Liu Huiying, Shen Mowei, Chen Hui
Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, China.
Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo 315200, China.
Behav Sci (Basel). 2024 Jan 7;14(1):41. doi: 10.3390/bs14010041.
Flexibly and actively updating expectations based on feedback is crucial for navigating daily life. Previous research has shown that people with schizophrenia (PSZ) have difficulty adjusting their expectations. However, there are studies suggesting otherwise. To explore this further, we used a novel trial-based expectation updating paradigm called attribute amnesia. In the task, the participants needed to report the location of a target stimulus among distractors in pre-surprise trials. In the surprise trial, they were unexpectedly asked to report the identity of the target before reporting its location. Afterward, control trials were conducted whereby the participants were asked the same questions as in the surprise trial. Notably, the surprise trial and control trials were nearly identical, except that the participants expected to be asked about identity information in the control trials but not in the surprise trial. Thus, an improvement in identity reporting accuracy in the control trials in comparison with the surprise trial indicated active updating of expectations. In the current study, a total of 63 PSZ and 60 healthy control subjects (HCS) were enrolled. We found that both the PSZ and the HCS were unable to report information that they had fully attended to (i.e., identity) in the surprise trial. However, both groups showed a significant improvement in reporting identity information even in the first control trial. Critically, there was no significant difference in the magnitude of improvement between the two groups. The current findings indicate that PSZ have the ability to update their expectations as quickly and flexibly as HCS, at least in the context of the current task. The possible factors that might contribute to the discrepancy regarding expectation updating are discussed.
根据反馈灵活主动地更新预期对于应对日常生活至关重要。先前的研究表明，精神分裂症患者（PSZ）在调整预期方面存在困难。然而，也有研究得出了相反的结论。为了进一步探究这一问题，我们使用了一种名为属性遗忘的基于试验的新型预期更新范式。在该任务中，参与者需要在预惊讶试验中报告目标刺激在干扰物中的位置。在惊讶试验中，他们在报告目标位置之前意外地被要求报告目标的身份。之后，进行对照试验，要求参与者回答与惊讶试验中相同的问题。值得注意的是，惊讶试验和对照试验几乎相同，只是参与者在对照试验中预期会被问及身份信息，而在惊讶试验中则没有。因此，与惊讶试验相比，对照试验中身份报告准确性的提高表明预期得到了积极更新。在本研究中，共招募了63名PSZ患者和60名健康对照者（HCS）。我们发现，PSZ患者和HCS在惊讶试验中都无法报告他们完全关注到的信息（即身份）。然而，两组在第一次对照试验中报告身份信息时都有显著改善。关键的是，两组之间改善程度没有显著差异。目前的研究结果表明，至少在当前任务的背景下，PSZ患者能够像HCS一样快速灵活地更新他们的预期。我们还讨论了可能导致预期更新差异的因素。
