Detecting m6A RNA modification from nanopore sequencing using a semi-supervised learning framework.

Direct nanopore-based RNA sequencing can be used to detect post-transcriptional base modifications, such as m6A methylation, based on the electric current signals produced by the distinct chemical structures of modified bases. A key challenge is the scarcity of adequate training data with known methylation modifications. We present Xron, a hybrid encoder-decoder framework that delivers a direct methylation-distinguishing basecaller by training on synthetic RNA data and immunoprecipitation-based experimental data in two steps. First, we generate data with more diverse modification combinations through in silico cross-linking. Second, we use this dataset to train an end-to-end neural network basecaller followed by fine-tuning on immunoprecipitation-based experimental data with label-smoothing. The trained neural network basecaller outperforms existing methylation detection methods on both read-level and site-level prediction scores. Xron is a standalone, end-to-end m6A-distinguishing basecaller capable of detecting methylated bases directly from raw sequencing signals, enabling de novo methylome assembly.