Adélaïde Lucie, Hough Ian, Seyve Emie, Kloog Itai, Fifre Grégory, Launoy Guy, Launay Ludivine, Pascal Mathilde, Lepeule Johanna
Santé publique France, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415, Saint-Maurice Cedex, France.
Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, IAB, Site Santé, Allée des Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2024 Nov;34(6):962-972. doi: 10.1038/s41370-024-00641-6. Epub 2024 Jan 26.
Cumulative environmental exposures and social deprivation increase health vulnerability and limit the capacity of populations to adapt to climate change.
Our study aimed at providing a fine-scale characterization of exposure to heat, air pollution, and lack of vegetation in continental France between 2000 and 2018, describing spatiotemporal trends and environmental hotspots (i.e., areas that cumulate the highest levels of overexposure), and exploring any associations with social deprivation.
The European (EDI) and French (FDep) social deprivation indices, the normalized difference vegetation index, daily ambient temperatures, particulate matter (PM and PM), nitrogen dioxide, and ozone (O) concentrations were estimated for 48,185 French census districts. Reference values were chosen to characterize (over-)exposure. Hotspots were defined as the areas cumulating the highest overexposure to temperature, air pollution, and lack of vegetation. Associations between heat overexposure or hotspots and social deprivation were assessed using logistic regressions.
Overexposure to heat was higher in 2015-2018 compared with 2000-2014. Exposure to all air pollutants except for O decreased during the study period. In 2018, more than 79% of the urban census districts exceeded the 2021 WHO air quality guidelines. The evolution of vegetation density between 2000 and 2018 was heterogeneous across continental France. In urban areas, the most deprived census districts were at a higher risk of being hotspots (odds ratio (OR): 10.86, 95% CI: 9.87-11.98 using EDI and OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.04-1.11 using FDep).
We studied cumulative environmental exposures and social deprivation in French census districts. The 2015-2018 period showed the highest overexposure to heat between 2000 and 2018. In 2018, the air quality did not meet the 2021 WHO guidelines in most census districts and 8.6 million people lived in environmental hotspots. Highly socially deprived urban areas had a higher risk of being in a hotspot. This study proposes for the first time, a methodology to identify hotspots of exposure to heat, air pollution, and lack of vegetation and their associations with social deprivation at a national level.
累积的环境暴露和社会剥夺会增加健康脆弱性，并限制人群适应气候变化的能力。
我们的研究旨在对2000年至2018年法国大陆地区的热暴露、空气污染暴露和植被缺乏情况进行精细刻画，描述时空趋势和环境热点地区（即过度暴露水平最高的地区），并探索其与社会剥夺之间的任何关联。
针对法国48185个普查区，估算了欧洲社会剥夺指数（EDI）和法国社会剥夺指数（FDep）、归一化植被指数、每日环境温度、颗粒物（PM₁₀和PM₂.₅）、二氧化氮和臭氧（O₃）浓度。选择参考值来表征（过度）暴露情况。将热点地区定义为温度、空气污染和植被缺乏过度暴露水平最高的累积区域。使用逻辑回归评估热过度暴露或热点地区与社会剥夺之间的关联。
与2000年至2014年相比，2015年至2018年的热过度暴露情况更为严重。在研究期间，除O₃外的所有空气污染物暴露水平均有所下降。2018年，超过79%的城市普查区超出了2021年世界卫生组织的空气质量指南。2000年至2018年期间，法国大陆地区植被密度的变化存在异质性。在城市地区，社会剥夺程度最高的普查区成为热点地区的风险更高（使用EDI时，优势比（OR）：10.86，95%置信区间：9.87 - 11.98；使用FDep时，OR：1.07，95%置信区间：1.04 - 1.11）。
我们研究了法国普查区的累积环境暴露和社会剥夺情况。2015年至2018年期间是2000年至2018年热过度暴露最严重的时期。2018年，大多数普查区的空气质量未达到2021年世界卫生组织的指南标准，860万人生活在环境热点地区。社会高度剥夺的城市地区成为热点地区的风险更高。本研究首次提出了一种在国家层面识别热暴露、空气污染暴露和植被缺乏热点地区及其与社会剥夺之间关联的方法。
