Seroprevalence of , Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, and and associated reproductive disorders in cattle in southwest Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, , Leptospira Hardjo, and spp are recognized as the primary factors contributing to cattle reproductive issues. A cross-sectional study was conducted in southwest Ethiopia from October 2020 to October 2021 to assess the risk of reproductive disorders associated with L. Hardjo, , and spp. Moreover, the study aimed to identify the factors associated with reproductive disorders. Using an indirect ELISA, antibodies against these pathogens were observed in serum samples collected from 461 cattle. We employed multivariable random effect logistic regression analysis to identify potential risk factors associated with reproductive disorders in cattle. The study areas showed a prevalence of 25.16 % (95 % CI: 21.20-29.12) for cattle reproductive disorders. The presence of Leptospira Hardjo (OR = 2.9, 95 % CI: 1.17-4.02) and (OR = 3.0, 1.49-5.94) antibodies was associated to the occurrence of cattle reproductive disorders. Seropositivity to pathogens , , and L. Hardjo, along with co-infection of all three, showed association with cattle abortion. The presence of L. Hardjo seropositivity and co-infection with were related to dystocia in cattle. Cattle with retained fetal membranes were associated with co-infection seropositivity to these pathogens. Additionally, seropositivity was linked to cases of repeated breeding in cattle. Age, breeding practices, and dog access to cattle showed associations with reproductive disorders, with odds ratios of 2.3 (95 % CI: 2.03-4.69), 2.9 (95 % CI: 1.83-4.82), and 6.5 (95 % CI: 1.04-2.53) respectively. This research indicates that , , and Leptospira Hardjo, which are responsible for severe zoonotic diseases, have a substantial negative impact on cattle production by causing reproductive disorders. To address the transmission of these diseases, it is essential to implement effective mitigation strategies and enhance public awareness. Additional investigation is necessary to identify and understand the factors contributing to cattle reproductive disorders in the specified area.