Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands; Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Laboratory, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Musculoskeletal Gene Therapy Laboratory, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2024 Apr;207:115203. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115203. Epub 2024 Feb 9.
MSCs are used for treatment of inflammatory conditions or for regenerative purposes. MSCs are complete cells and allogenic transplantation is in principle possible, but mostly autologous use is preferred. In recent years, it was discovered that cells secrete extracellular vesicles. These are active budded off vesicles that carry a cargo. The cargo can be miRNA, protein, lipids etc. The extracellular vesicles can be transported through the body and fuse with target cells. Thereby, they influence the phenotype and modulate the disease. The extracellular vesicles have, like the MSCs, immunomodulatory or regenerative capacities. This review will focus on those features of extracellular vesicles and discuss their dual role. Besides the immunomodulation, the regeneration will concentrate on bone, cartilage, tendon, vessels and nerves. Current clinical trials with extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration that started in the last five years are highlighted as well. In summary, extracellular vesicles have a great potential as disease modulating entity and treatment. Their dual characteristics need to be taken into account and often are both important for having the best effect.
间充质干细胞用于治疗炎症性疾病或用于再生目的。间充质干细胞是完整的细胞，同种异体移植在原则上是可能的，但大多首选自体使用。近年来，人们发现细胞分泌细胞外囊泡。这些是带有货物的主动芽生囊泡。货物可以是 miRNA、蛋白质、脂质等。细胞外囊泡可以在体内运输并与靶细胞融合。因此，它们影响表型并调节疾病。细胞外囊泡与间充质干细胞一样，具有免疫调节或再生能力。这篇综述将重点介绍细胞外囊泡的这些特性，并讨论它们的双重作用。除了免疫调节，再生将集中在骨骼、软骨、肌腱、血管和神经上。还强调了过去五年开始的细胞外囊泡用于免疫调节和再生的当前临床试验。总之，细胞外囊泡作为疾病调节实体和治疗具有巨大的潜力。需要考虑到它们的双重特征，通常两者对于获得最佳效果都很重要。
