Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
Toxicol Mech Methods. 2024 Jun;34(5):584-595. doi: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2318570. Epub 2024 Feb 23.
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) and Fructose (FR) are widely used sweeteners in many foods and beverages. This study aimed at investigating the cytotoxic effects of HFCS (5%-30%) and FR (62.5-2000 μg/mL) using MTT assay in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG) cells, and genotoxic effects of using Chromosome Aberrations (CAs), Sister Chromatid Exchanges (SCEs), Micronuclei (MN) and comet assays in human lymphocytes. HFCS significantly reduced the cell viability in HepG cells at between 7.5% and 30% for 24 and 48 h. 30% HFCS caused a very significant toxic effect. FR had a cytotoxic effect in HepG cells at all treatments. However, as fructose concentration decreased, the cell viability decreased. HFCS (10%-20%) and FR (250-2000 μg/mL) decreased the mitotic index at higher concentrations. IC value was found to be a 15% for 48 h. IC value of FR was detected as 62.5 μg/mL for 24 h and 48 h. HFCS significantly increased CAs frequency at 15% and 20%. FR significantly increased the frequency of CAs at 250, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL for 48 h. Both sweeteners increased the frequency of SCEs at all concentrations. HFCS (15% and 20%) and FR (250, 1000, and 2000 μg/mL) induced MN frequency at higher concentrations. HFCS caused DNA damage in comet assay at 10% -30%. FR increased tail intensity and moment at 125-2000 μg/mL and tail length at 62.5, 250 and 500 μg/mL. Therefore, HFCS and FR are clearly seen to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, especially at higher concentrations.
高果糖玉米糖浆（HFCS）和果糖（FR）广泛用于许多食品和饮料中的甜味剂。本研究旨在使用 MTT 法检测 HFCS（5%-30%）和 FR（62.5-2000μg/mL）对人肝癌细胞（HepG）的细胞毒性作用，以及使用染色体畸变（CAs）、姐妹染色单体交换（SCEs）、微核（MN）和彗星试验检测人淋巴细胞的遗传毒性作用。HFCS 在 HepG 细胞中，在 24 和 48 小时内，在 7.5%-30%的浓度下显著降低细胞活力。30%的 HFCS 产生了非常显著的毒性作用。FR 在 HepG 细胞中所有处理中均具有细胞毒性作用。然而，随着果糖浓度的降低，细胞活力降低。HFCS（10%-20%）和 FR（250-2000μg/mL）在较高浓度下降低了有丝分裂指数。在 48 小时时，IC 值发现为 15%。FR 的 IC 值在 24 小时和 48 小时时分别检测为 62.5μg/mL。HFCS 显著增加了 15%和 20%的 CA 频率。FR 显著增加了 48 小时时的 CA 频率，浓度为 250、1000 和 2000μg/mL。两种甜味剂均增加了所有浓度的 SCE 频率。HFCS（15%和 20%）和 FR（250、1000 和 2000μg/mL）在较高浓度下诱导 MN 频率增加。HFCS 在 comet 试验中在 10%-30%时引起 DNA 损伤。FR 在 125-2000μg/mL 时增加了尾巴强度和力矩，在 62.5、250 和 500μg/mL 时增加了尾巴长度。因此，HFCS 和 FR 明显具有细胞毒性和遗传毒性，尤其是在较高浓度下。
