Higdon Kate F, Neath Ian, Surprenant Aimée M, Ensor Tyler M
California State University, Bakersfield, USA.
University at Buffalo, NY, USA.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2024 Mar 13:17470218241235520. doi: 10.1177/17470218241235520.
The picture-superiority effect is the finding that memory for pictures exceeds memory for words on many tasks. According to dual-coding theory, the pictures' mnemonic advantage stems from their greater likelihood to be labelled relative to words being imaged. In contrast, distinctiveness accounts hold that the greater variability of pictures compared to words leads to their mnemonic advantage. Ensor, Surprenant, et al. tested these accounts in old/new and forced-choice recognition by increasing the physical distinctiveness of words and decreasing the physical distinctiveness of pictures. Half of the words were presented in standard black font, and half were presented in varying font styles, font sizes, font colours, and capitalisation patterns. Half of the pictures were presented in black and white and half in colour. Consistent with the physical-distinctiveness account but contrary to the dual-coding account, the picture-superiority effect was eliminated when comparing the black-and-white pictures to distinctive words. In the present study, we extend Ensor, Surprenant, et al.'s results to associative recognition and free recall. Results were consistent with physical distinctiveness. We argue that dual-coding theory is no longer a viable explanation of the picture-superiority effect.
图片优势效应是指在许多任务中，对图片的记忆超过对单词的记忆这一发现。根据双重编码理论，图片的记忆优势源于它们比正在成像的单词更有可能被标记。相比之下，独特性理论认为，与单词相比，图片更大的变异性导致了它们的记忆优势。恩索尔、苏普雷南特等人通过增加单词的物理独特性和降低图片的物理独特性，在旧/新识别和强制选择识别中对这些理论进行了测试。一半的单词以标准黑色字体呈现，另一半以不同的字体样式、字体大小、字体颜色和大写模式呈现。一半的图片以黑白呈现，另一半以彩色呈现。与物理独特性理论一致，但与双重编码理论相反，当将黑白图片与独特的单词进行比较时，图片优势效应消失了。在本研究中，我们将恩索尔、苏普雷南特等人的结果扩展到关联识别和自由回忆。结果与物理独特性一致。我们认为双重编码理论不再是对图片优势效应的可行解释。
