Adil Syed Omair, Musa Kamarul Imran, Uddin Fareed, Khan Asima, Khan Irfanullah, Shakeel Areebah, Shafique Kashif, Islam Md Asiful
Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), 74200, Karachi, Pakistan.
Arch Public Health. 2024 Feb 20;82(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s13690-024-01250-3.
To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of undiagnosed metabolic syndrome (MetS) using three different definitions among apparently healthy adults of Karachi, Pakistan.
This community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, from January 2022 to August 2022. A total of 1065 healthy individuals aged 25-80 years of any gender were consecutively included. MetS was assessed using the National Cholesterol Education Program for Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP) III guidelines, International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and modified NCEP-ATP III.
The prevalence of MetS was highest with the modified NCEP-ATP III definition at 33.9% (95% CI: 31-36), followed by the IDF definition at 32.2% (95% CI: 29-35). In contrast, the prevalence was lower at 22.4% (95% CI: 19-25) when using the NCEP ATP III definition. The risk of MetS significantly increases with higher BMI, as defined by the IDF criteria (adjusted OR [ORadj] 1.13, 95% CI 1.09-2.43), NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.15, 95% CI 1.11-1.19), and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.16, 95% CI 1.12-1.20). Current smokers had significantly higher odds of MetS according to the IDF (ORadj 2.72, 95% CI 1.84-4.03), NCEP-ATP III (ORadj 3.93, 95% CI 2.55-6.06), and modified NCEP-ATP III (ORadj 0.62, 95% CI 0.43-0.88). Areca nut use was associated with higher odds of MetS according to both IDF (ORadj 1.71, 95% CI 1.19-2.47) and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.58, 95% CI 1.10-2.72). Furthermore, low physical activity had significantly higher odds of MetS according to the NCEP-ATP III (ORadj 1.36, 95% CI 1.01-1.84) and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.56, 95% CI 1.08-2.26).
One-third of the healthy individuals were diagnosed with MetS based on IDF, NCEP-ATP III, and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria. A higher BMI, current smoking, areca nut use, and low physical activity were significant factors.
采用三种不同定义，确定巴基斯坦卡拉奇表面健康的成年人中未诊断出的代谢综合征（MetS）的患病率及相关危险因素。
本基于社区的横断面调查于2022年1月至2022年8月在巴基斯坦卡拉奇进行。共连续纳入1065名年龄在25 - 80岁的任何性别的健康个体。使用美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗小组（NCEP - ATP）III指南、国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）和改良的NCEP - ATP III评估MetS。
采用改良的NCEP - ATP III定义时，MetS的患病率最高，为33.9%（95%置信区间：31 - 36），其次是IDF定义，为32.2%（95%置信区间：29 - 35）。相比之下，使用NCEP ATP III定义时患病率较低，为22.4%（95%置信区间：19 - 25）。根据IDF标准（调整后的比值比[ORadj]为1.13，95%置信区间为1.09 - 2.43）、NCEP - ATP III标准（ORadj为1.15，95%置信区间为1.11 - 1.19）和改良的NCEP - ATP III标准（ORadj为1.16，95%置信区间为1.12 - 1.20），MetS的风险随着BMI升高而显著增加。根据IDF（ORadj为2.72，95%置信区间为1.84 - 4.03）、NCEP - ATP III（ORadj为3.93，95%置信区间为2.55 - 6.06）和改良的NCEP - ATP III（ORadj为0.62，95%置信区间为0.43 - 0.88），当前吸烟者患MetS的几率显著更高。根据IDF（ORadj为1.71，95%置信区间为1.19 - 2.47）和改良的NCEP - ATP III标准（ORadj为1.58，95%置信区间为1.10 - 2.72），食用槟榔与患MetS的几率更高相关。此外，根据NCEP - ATP III（ORadj为1.36，95%置信区间为1.01 - 1.84）和改良的NCEP - ATP III标准（ORadj为1.56，95%置信区间为1.08 - 2.26），低体力活动患MetS的几率显著更高。
根据IDF、NCEP - ATP III和改良的NCEP - ATP III标准，三分之一的健康个体被诊断为患有MetS。较高的BMI、当前吸烟、食用槟榔和低体力活动是重要因素。
