School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
Small. 2024 May;20(21):e2310876. doi: 10.1002/smll.202310876. Epub 2024 Feb 23.
Surface bio-engineering of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) has emerged as a cornerstone in contemporary biomedical research, presenting a transformative avenue that can revolutionize diagnostics, therapies, and drug delivery systems. The approach involves integrating bioactive elements on the surfaces of PNPs, aiming to provide them with functionalities to enable precise, targeted, and favorable interactions with biological components within cellular environments. However, the full potential of surface bio-engineered PNPs in biomedicine is hampered by obstacles, including precise control over surface modifications, stability in biological environments, and lasting targeted interactions with cells or tissues. Concerns like scalability, reproducibility, and long-term safety also impede translation to clinical practice. In this review, these challenges in the context of recent breakthroughs in developing surface-biofunctionalized PNPs for various applications, from biosensing and bioimaging to targeted delivery of therapeutics are discussed. Particular attention is given to bonding mechanisms that underlie the attachment of bioactive moieties to PNP surfaces. The stability and efficacy of surface-bioengineered PNPs are critically reviewed in disease detection, diagnostics, and treatment, both in vitro and in vivo settings. Insights into existing challenges and limitations impeding progress are provided, and a forward-looking discussion on the field's future is presented. The paper concludes with recommendations to accelerate the clinical translation of surface bio-engineered PNPs.
高分子纳米粒子（PNP）的表面生物工程已成为当代生物医学研究的基石，为诊断、治疗和药物输送系统带来了变革性的途径。该方法涉及在 PNP 的表面整合生物活性元素，旨在为其提供功能，使其能够与细胞环境中的生物成分进行精确、靶向和有利的相互作用。然而，表面生物工程 PNP 在生物医学中的全部潜力受到一些障碍的限制，包括对表面修饰的精确控制、在生物环境中的稳定性以及与细胞或组织的持久靶向相互作用。可扩展性、可重复性和长期安全性等问题也阻碍了向临床实践的转化。在这篇综述中，讨论了在开发用于各种应用的表面生物功能化 PNP 方面的最新突破中存在的这些挑战，从生物传感和生物成像到治疗药物的靶向输送。特别关注了将生物活性基团附着到 PNP 表面的键合机制。在体外和体内环境中，对表面生物工程 PNP 在疾病检测、诊断和治疗中的稳定性和功效进行了批判性评估。对阻碍进展的现有挑战和局限性进行了深入探讨，并对该领域的未来进行了前瞻性讨论。本文最后提出了加速表面生物工程 PNP 临床转化的建议。
