Krishna Perumal Pitchurajan, Chen Chiu-Wen, Giri Balendu Shekher, Singhania Reeta Rani, Patel Anil Kumar, Dong Cheng-Di
Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan.
Sustainability Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007 India.
J Food Sci Technol. 2024 Apr;61(4):631-641. doi: 10.1007/s13197-023-05772-6. Epub 2023 Jun 3.
Prolonged and excessive use of chlorpyrifos (CPS) has caused severe pollution, particularly in crops, vegetables, fruits, and water sources. As a result, CPS is detected in various food and water samples using conventional methods. However, its applications are limited due to size, portability, cost, etc. In this regard, electrochemical sensors are preferred for CPS detection due to their high sensitivity, reliability, rapid, on-site detection, and user-friendly. Notably, graphene-based electrochemical sensors have gained more attention due to their unique physiochemical and electrochemical properties. It shows high sensitivity, selectivity, and quick response because of its high surface area and high conductivity. In this review, we have discussed an overview of three graphene-based different functional electrochemical sensors such as electroanalytical sensors, bio-electrochemical sensors, and photoelectrochemical sensors used to detect CPS in food and water samples. Furthermore, the fabrication and operation of these electrochemical sensors using various materials (low band gap material, nanomaterials, enzymes, antibodies, DNA, aptamers, and so on) and electrochemical techniques (CV, DPV, EIS, SWV etc.) are discussed. The study found that the electrical signal was reduced with increasing CPS concentration. This is due to the blocking of active sites, reduced redox reaction, impedance, irreversible reactions, etc. In addition, acetylcholinesterase-coupled sensors are more sensitive and stable than others. Also, it can be further improved by fabricating with low band gap nanomaterials. Despite their advantages, these sensors have significant drawbacks, such as low reusability, repeatability, stability, and high cost. Therefore, further research is required to overcome such limitations.
长期过量使用毒死蜱（CPS）已造成严重污染，尤其是在农作物、蔬菜、水果和水源中。因此，使用传统方法可在各种食品和水样中检测到CPS。然而，由于其尺寸、便携性、成本等因素，其应用受到限制。在这方面，电化学传感器因其高灵敏度、可靠性、快速现场检测和用户友好性而更适合用于CPS检测。值得注意的是，基于石墨烯的电化学传感器因其独特的物理化学和电化学性质而受到更多关注。由于其高表面积和高导电性，它显示出高灵敏度、选择性和快速响应。在本综述中，我们讨论了三种基于石墨烯的不同功能电化学传感器的概述，如用于检测食品和水样中CPS的电分析传感器、生物电化学传感器和光电化学传感器。此外，还讨论了使用各种材料（低带隙材料、纳米材料、酶、抗体、DNA、适体等）和电化学技术（循环伏安法、差分脉冲伏安法、电化学阻抗谱、方波伏安法等）制造和操作这些电化学传感器的方法。研究发现，随着CPS浓度的增加，电信号降低。这是由于活性位点的阻断、氧化还原反应减少、阻抗、不可逆反应等。此外，乙酰胆碱酯酶偶联传感器比其他传感器更灵敏、更稳定。而且，用低带隙纳米材料制造可以进一步提高其性能。尽管它们具有优势，但这些传感器也有显著的缺点，如低可重复使用性、重复性、稳定性和高成本。因此，需要进一步研究来克服这些限制。
