Wu Yang, Merrick Megan, Gweon Hyowon
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA.
Open Mind (Camb). 2024 Mar 1;8:67-83. doi: 10.1162/opmi_a_00117. eCollection 2024.
Human infants show systematic responses to events that violate their expectations. Can they also revise these expectations based on others' expressions of surprise? Here we ask whether infants ( = 156, mean = 15.2 months, range: 12.0-18.0 months) can use an experimenter's expression of surprise to revise their own expectations about statistically probable vs. improbable events. An experimenter sampled a ball from a box of red and white balls and briefly displayed either a surprised or an unsurprised expression at the outcome before revealing it to the infant. Following an unsurprised expression, the results were consistent with prior work; infants looked longer at a statistically improbable outcome than a probable outcome. Following a surprised expression, however, this standard pattern disappeared or was even reversed. These results suggest that even before infants can observe the unexpected events themselves, they can use others' surprise to . Starting early in life, human learners can leverage social information that signals others' prediction error to update their own predictions.
人类婴儿对违背其预期的事件会表现出系统性反应。他们能否也根据他人的惊讶表情来修正这些预期呢？在此，我们探究婴儿（ = 156名，平均年龄 = 15.2个月，范围：12.0 - 18.0个月）是否能够利用实验者的惊讶表情来修正自己对统计上可能与不可能事件的预期。一名实验者从装有红球和白球的盒子中抽取一个球，并在向婴儿展示结果之前，短暂地展示出惊讶或无惊讶的表情。在无惊讶表情之后，结果与先前的研究一致；婴儿对统计上不可能的结果的注视时间比对可能结果的注视时间更长。然而，在惊讶表情之后，这种标准模式消失了，甚至出现了反转。这些结果表明，即使在婴儿自己能够观察到意外事件之前，他们就能利用他人的惊讶来……从生命早期开始，人类学习者就能利用表明他人预测误差的社会信息来更新自己的预测。
