Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Dec;202(12):5502-5521. doi: 10.1007/s12011-024-04132-5. Epub 2024 Mar 4.
Helminths are considered a significant threat to the livestock industry, as they cause substantial economic losses in small and large ruminant farming. Their morbidity and mortality rates are also increasing day by day as they have zoonotic importance. Anthelmintic drugs have been used for controlling these parasites; unfortunately, due to the development of resistance of these drugs in helminths (parasites), especially in three major classes like benzimidazoles, nicotinic agonists, and macrocyclic lactones, their use is becoming very low. Although new anthelmintics are being developed, the process is time-consuming and costly. As a result, nanoparticles are being explored as an alternative to anthelmintics. Nanoparticles enhance drug effectiveness, drug delivery, and target specificity and have no resistance against parasites. Different types of nanoparticles are used, such as organic (chitosan) and inorganic (gold, silver, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and nickel oxide). One of them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), has unique properties in various fields, especially parasitology. AgNPs are synthesized from three primary methods: physical, chemical, and biological. Their primary mechanism of action is causing stress through the production of ROS that destroys cells, organs, proteins, and DNA parasites. The present review is about AgNPs, their mode of action, and their role in controlling anthelmintic resistance against small and large ruminants.
寄生虫被认为是畜牧业的重大威胁，因为它们在小反刍动物和大反刍动物养殖中造成了巨大的经济损失。由于它们具有动物源性，寄生虫的发病率和死亡率也在与日俱增。驱虫药物一直被用于控制这些寄生虫；不幸的是，由于这些药物在寄生虫（蠕虫）中产生了耐药性，特别是在苯并咪唑类、烟碱激动剂和大环内酯类这三大类药物中，它们的使用变得非常低。尽管正在开发新的驱虫药物，但这个过程既耗时又昂贵。因此，人们正在探索纳米颗粒作为驱虫药物的替代品。纳米颗粒可以提高药物的有效性、药物输送效率和靶向特异性，并且对寄生虫没有耐药性。不同类型的纳米颗粒被使用，如有机（壳聚糖）和无机（金、银、氧化锌、氧化铁和氧化镍）。其中，银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）在各个领域，尤其是寄生虫学中具有独特的性质。AgNPs 可以通过三种主要方法合成：物理、化学和生物。它们的主要作用机制是通过产生 ROS 引起应激，从而破坏寄生虫的细胞、器官、蛋白质和 DNA。本综述介绍了 AgNPs、它们的作用模式以及它们在控制小反刍动物和大反刍动物抗寄生虫药物耐药性方面的作用。
