Kaabipour Sina, Hemmati Shohreh
School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA.
Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2021 Jan 25;12:102-136. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.12.9. eCollection 2021.
The significance of silver nanostructures has been growing considerably, thanks to their ubiquitous presence in numerous applications, including but not limited to renewable energy, electronics, biosensors, wastewater treatment, medicine, and clinical equipment. The properties of silver nanostructures, such as size, size distribution, and morphology, are strongly dependent on synthesis process conditions such as the process type, equipment type, reagent type, precursor concentration, temperature, process duration, and pH. Physical and chemical methods have been among the most common methods to synthesize silver nanostructures; however, they possess substantial disadvantages and short-comings, especially compared to green synthesis methods. On the contrary, the number of green synthesis techniques has been increasing during the last decade and they have emerged as alternative routes towards facile and effective synthesis of silver nanostructures with different morphologies. In this review, we have initially outlined the most common and popular chemical and physical methodologies and reviewed their advantages and disadvantages. Green synthesis methodologies are then discussed in detail and their advantages over chemical and physical methods have been noted. Recent studies are then reviewed in detail and the effects of essential reaction parameters, such as temperature, pH, precursor, and reagent concentration, on silver nanostructure size and morphology are discussed. Also, green synthesis techniques used for the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) silver nanostructures have been reviewed, and the potential of alternative green reagents for their synthesis has been discussed. Furthermore, current challenges regarding the green synthesis of 1D silver nanostructures and future direction are outlined. To sum up, we aim to show the real potential of green nanotechnology towards the synthesis of silver nanostructures with various morphologies (especially 1D ones) and the possibility of altering current techniques towards more environmentally friendly, more energy-efficient, less hazardous, simpler, and cheaper procedures.
由于银纳米结构在众多应用中普遍存在，其重要性日益凸显，这些应用包括但不限于可再生能源、电子学、生物传感器、废水处理、医学和临床设备。银纳米结构的性质，如尺寸、尺寸分布和形态，强烈依赖于合成工艺条件，如工艺类型、设备类型、试剂类型、前驱体浓度、温度、工艺持续时间和pH值。物理和化学方法一直是合成银纳米结构最常用的方法；然而，它们存在重大缺点和不足，尤其是与绿色合成方法相比。相反，在过去十年中，绿色合成技术的数量一直在增加，它们已成为合成具有不同形态的银纳米结构的简便有效替代途径。在本综述中，我们首先概述了最常见和流行的化学和物理方法，并回顾了它们的优缺点。然后详细讨论了绿色合成方法，并指出了它们相对于化学和物理方法的优势。接着详细回顾了近期的研究，并讨论了关键反应参数，如温度、pH值、前驱体和试剂浓度对银纳米结构尺寸和形态的影响。此外，还综述了用于合成一维（1D）银纳米结构的绿色合成技术，并讨论了替代绿色试剂在其合成中的潜力。此外，还概述了一维银纳米结构绿色合成目前面临的挑战和未来方向。总之，我们旨在展示绿色纳米技术在合成具有各种形态（特别是一维形态）的银纳米结构方面的真正潜力，以及将现有技术转变为更环保、更节能、危害更小、更简单和更便宜工艺的可能性。
