Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Environ Pollut. 2024 May 1;348:123730. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123730. Epub 2024 Mar 6.
A sensitive modified QuEChERS extraction method was developed to assess the levels of free and conjugated bisphenols (BPs) in human milk collected between 2018 and 2019 from two regions of South Africa (the Limpopo Province Vhembe district, n = 194; Pretoria, n = 193) and Canada (Montreal, n = 207). Total BPA (free and conjugated) and BPS were the predominant bisphenols detected in samples from Vhembe and Pretoria, whereas total BPS was the predominant bisphenol detected in Montreal samples. The levels of total BPA in samples from Vhembe and Pretoria ranged between < MDL-18.61 and <MDL-19.38 ng/mL, with medians of 1.03 ng/mL and 0.69 ng/mL and detection frequencies of 73% and 68%, respectively. The speciation analysis of BPA revealed a predominantly conjugated form in South African samples. In contrast, total BPA was detected in only one milk sample from Montreal. Total BPS levels were lower than BPA in South Africa, with detection frequencies of 57% and 21% in Vhembe and Pretoria, respectively. In contrast, total BPS was the major BP detected (42%) in Montreal (up to 4.42 ng/mL). BPAF was found exclusively in South Africa, with detection frequencies for total BPAF of 40% and 9% in Vhembe (<MDL-12.41 ng/mL) and Pretoria (<MDL-0.11 ng/mL), respectively. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to detect bisphenols in human milk from data-scarce countries such as South Africa and to highlight the notable disparities in the types and levels of bisphenols detected across two distinct countries (Canada and South Africa).
建立了一种灵敏的改良 QuEChERS 提取方法，用于评估 2018 年至 2019 年期间在南非两个地区（林波波省 Vhembe 区，n=194；比勒陀利亚，n=193）和加拿大（蒙特利尔，n=207）收集的人乳中游离和共轭双酚（BPs）的水平。在 Vhembe 和 Pretoria 的样品中，总 BPA（游离和共轭）和 BPS 是主要检测到的双酚，而在 Montreal 的样品中，总 BPS 是主要检测到的双酚。Vhembe 和 Pretoria 样品中总 BPA 的水平范围为 <MDL-18.61 至 <MDL-19.38ng/mL，中位数分别为 1.03ng/mL 和 0.69ng/mL，检测频率分别为 73%和 68%。BPA 的形态分析显示南非样品中主要为共轭形式。相比之下，在蒙特利尔的一份牛奶样品中仅检测到总 BPA。南非的 BPS 总水平低于 BPA，Vhembe 和 Pretoria 的检测频率分别为 57%和 21%。相比之下，总 BPS 是在蒙特利尔（高达 4.42ng/mL）检测到的主要 BP（42%）。BPAF 仅在南非发现，Vhembe（<MDL-12.41ng/mL）和 Pretoria（<MDL-0.11ng/mL）的总 BPAF 检测频率分别为 40%和 9%。据我们所知，这是首次在数据匮乏的国家（如南非）检测人乳中双酚的研究之一，并强调了在两个不同国家（加拿大和南非）检测到的双酚类型和水平存在显著差异。
