Ramos-Lopez Omar
Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Baja California, Mexico.
World J Diabetes. 2024 Feb 15;15(2):142-153. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i2.142.
Globally, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders. T2DM physiopathology is influenced by complex interrelationships between genetic, metabolic and lifestyle factors (including diet), which differ between populations and geographic regions. In fact, excessive consumptions of high fat/high sugar foods generally increase the risk of developing T2DM, whereas habitual intakes of plant-based healthy diets usually exert a protective effect. Moreover, genomic studies have allowed the characterization of sequence DNA variants across the human genome, some of which may affect gene expression and protein functions relevant for glucose homeostasis. This comprehensive literature review covers the impact of gene-diet interactions on T2DM susceptibility and disease progression, some of which have demonstrated a value as biomarkers of personal responses to certain nutritional interventions. Also, novel genotype-based dietary strategies have been developed for improving T2DM control in comparison to general lifestyle recommendations. Furthermore, progresses in other omics areas (epigenomics, metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) are improving current understanding of genetic insights in T2DM clinical outcomes. Although more investigation is still needed, the analysis of the genetic make-up may help to decipher new paradigms in the pathophysiology of T2DM as well as offer further opportunities to personalize the screening, prevention, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of T2DM through precision nutrition.
在全球范围内，2型糖尿病（T2DM）是最常见的代谢紊乱疾病之一。T2DM的病理生理学受到遗传、代谢和生活方式因素（包括饮食）之间复杂相互关系的影响，这些因素在不同人群和地理区域之间存在差异。事实上，过量食用高脂肪/高糖食物通常会增加患T2DM的风险，而习惯性摄入以植物为基础的健康饮食通常具有保护作用。此外，基因组研究已经能够对人类基因组中的序列DNA变异进行表征，其中一些变异可能会影响与葡萄糖稳态相关的基因表达和蛋白质功能。这篇全面的文献综述涵盖了基因-饮食相互作用对T2DM易感性和疾病进展的影响，其中一些已证明可作为对某些营养干预个人反应的生物标志物。此外，与一般生活方式建议相比，已经开发出基于新基因型的饮食策略来改善T2DM的控制。此外，其他组学领域（表观基因组学、宏基因组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学）的进展正在加深目前对T2DM临床结果遗传见解的理解。尽管仍需要更多研究，但基因组成分析可能有助于解读T2DM病理生理学中的新范式，并通过精准营养为T2DM的筛查、预防、诊断、管理和预后提供进一步的个性化机会。
