Molecular and cellular neuroscience lab, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, India.
Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), M.B. Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, New Delhi 110017, India.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Apr;264(Pt 2):130728. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130728. Epub 2024 Mar 11.
Exosomes (EXOs), membranous structures originating from diverse biological sources, have recently seized the attention of researchers due to their theranostic potential for neurological diseases. Released actively by various cells, including stem cells, adipose tissue, and immune cells, EXOs wield substantial regulatory influence over the intricate landscape of neurological complications, exhibiting both positive and negative modulatory effects. In AD, EXOs play a pivotal role in disseminating and breaking down amyloid-β protein. Moreover, EXOs derived from mesenchymal stem cells showcase a remarkable capacity to mitigate pro-inflammatory phenotypes by regulating miRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases. These vesicles possess the unique ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, governing the aggregation of mutant huntingtin protein. Understanding the exosomal functions within the CNS holds significant promise for enhancing treatment efficacy in neurological diseases. This review intricately examines the regulatory mechanisms involving EXOs in neurological disease development, highlighting therapeutic prospects and exploring their utility in exosome-based nanomedicine for various neurological complications. Additionally, the review highlights the challenges associated with drug delivery to the brain, emphasizing the complexities inherent in this critical aspect of neurotherapeutics.
外泌体（EXOs）是源自多种生物来源的膜性结构，由于其在神经疾病中的治疗潜力，最近引起了研究人员的关注。EXOs 由包括干细胞、脂肪组织和免疫细胞在内的各种细胞主动释放，对神经并发症的复杂情况具有实质性的调节影响，表现出正负调节作用。在 AD 中，EXOs 在传播和分解淀粉样蛋白-β 蛋白方面发挥着关键作用。此外，间充质干细胞衍生的 EXOs 通过调节 miRNA 在神经退行性疾病中表现出显著减轻促炎表型的能力。这些囊泡具有独特的穿越血脑屏障的能力，控制着突变 huntingtin 蛋白的聚集。深入了解中枢神经系统中的 EXO 功能，有望提高神经疾病治疗的效果。本综述详细研究了 EXOs 在神经疾病发展中的调节机制，强调了治疗前景，并探讨了其在基于外泌体的纳米医学治疗各种神经并发症中的应用。此外，该综述还强调了向大脑输送药物所面临的挑战，突出了神经治疗学这一关键方面所固有的复杂性。
