Comparative genomics and bioinformatics approaches revealed the role of CC-NBS-LRR genes under multiple stresses in passion fruit.

Passion fruit is widely cultivated in tropical, subtropical regions of the world. The attack of bacterial and fungal diseases, and environmental factors heavily affect the yield and productivity of the passion fruit. The (CNL) gene family being a subclass of R-genes protects the plant against the attack of pathogens and plays a major role in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, no information is available regarding this gene family in passion fruit. To address the underlying problem a total of 25 and 21 genes have been identified in the genome of purple ( Sims.) and yellow () passion fruit respectively. Phylogenetic tree was divided into four groups with PeCNLs present in 3 groups only. Gene structure analysis revealed that number of exons ranged from 1 to 9 with 1 being most common. Most of the genes were clustered at the chromosome 3 and underwent strong purifying selection, expanded through segmental (17 gene pairs) and tandem duplications (17 gene pairs). genes contained elements involved in plant growth, hormones, and stress response. Transcriptome data indicated that and were found to be differentially expressed under Cucumber mosaic virus and cold stress. Three genes were validated to be multi-stress responsive by applying Random Forest model of machine learning. To comprehend the biological functions of PeCNL proteins, their 3D structure and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were done. Our research analyzed the gene family in passion fruit to understand stress regulation and improve resilience. This study lays the groundwork for future investigations aimed at enhancing the genetic composition of passion fruit to ensure robust growth and productivity in challenging environments.