Yale New Haven Hospitals- Department of Surgery, New Haven CT, United States.
The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain, Al Sayh, Bahrain.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Mar 6;15:1336543. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1336543. eCollection 2024.
The prevalence of osteoporosis has been on the rise globally. With ageing populations, research has sought therapeutic solutions in novel areas. One such area is that of the adipokines. Current literature points to an important role for these chemical mediators in relation to bone metabolism. Well-established adipokines have been broadly reported upon. These include adiponectin and leptin. However, other novel adipokines such as visfatin, nesfatin-1, meteorin-like protein (Metrnl), apelin and lipocalin-2 are starting to be addressed pre-clinically and clinically. Adipokines hold pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties that influence the pathophysiology of various bone diseases. Omentin-1 and vaspin, two novel adipokines, share cardioprotective effects and play essential roles in bone metabolism. Studies have reported bone-protective effects of omentin-1, whilst others report negative associations between omentin-1 and bone mineral density. Lipocalin-2 is linked to poor bone microarchitecture in mice and is even suggested to mediate osteoporosis development from prolonged disuse. Nesfatin-1, an anorexigenic adipokine, has been known to preserve bone density. Animal studies have demonstrated that nesfatin-1 treatment limits bone loss and increases bone strength, suggesting exogenous use as a potential treatment for osteopenic disorders. Pre-clinical studies have shown adipokine apelin to have a role in bone metabolism, mediated by the enhancement of osteoblast genesis and the inhibition of programmed cell death. Although many investigations have reported conflicting findings, sufficient literature supports the notion that adipokines have a significant influence on the metabolism of bone. This review aims at highlighting the role of novel adipokines in osteoporosis while also discussing their potential for treating osteoporosis.
骨质疏松症的患病率在全球范围内呈上升趋势。随着人口老龄化，研究人员在新领域寻求治疗方法。脂肪因子就是这样一个领域。目前的文献表明，这些化学介质在骨代谢中起着重要作用。已广泛报道了一些已确立的脂肪因子。其中包括脂联素和瘦素。然而，其他新型脂肪因子，如内脂素、nesfatin-1、类 meteorin 蛋白（Metrnl）、apelin 和脂联素-2，正在开始进行临床前和临床研究。脂肪因子具有促炎和抗炎特性，影响各种骨疾病的病理生理学。内脂素-1 和 vaspin 是两种新型脂肪因子，具有心脏保护作用，并在骨代谢中发挥重要作用。研究报告称内脂素-1 具有骨保护作用，而其他研究则报告内脂素-1 与骨矿物质密度之间存在负相关。脂联素-2 与小鼠的骨微观结构不良有关，甚至被认为介导了长期废用引起的骨质疏松症的发展。nesfatin-1 是一种具有厌食作用的脂肪因子，已知能保持骨密度。动物研究表明，nesfatin-1 治疗可限制骨丢失并增加骨强度，表明外源性使用可能是治疗骨质疏松症的一种潜在方法。临床前研究表明，脂肪因子 apelin 在骨代谢中具有作用，其作用机制是增强成骨细胞生成和抑制程序性细胞死亡。尽管许多研究报告的结果相互矛盾，但足够的文献支持脂肪因子对骨代谢有重要影响的观点。本文旨在强调新型脂肪因子在骨质疏松症中的作用，同时讨论其治疗骨质疏松症的潜力。
