Morshed Md Niaj, Akter Reshmi, Karim Md Rezaul, Iqbal Safia, Kang Se Chan, Yang Deok Chun
Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea.
Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea.
Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024 Mar 11;46(3):2320-2342. doi: 10.3390/cimb46030148.
Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that is primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns in the field of ginseng research and development, as well as ginsenoside-related dietary supplements and natural products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc are generally used as a substrate to generate CK via several bioconversion processes. Current research shows that CK has a wide range of pharmacological actions, including boosting osteogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, insulin resistance, and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. Further research on the bioavailability and toxicology of CK can advance its medicinal application. The purpose of this review is to lay the groundwork for future clinical studies and the development of CK as a therapy for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the toxicology and pharmacology of CK are investigated as well in this review. The findings indicate that CK primarily modulates signaling pathways associated with , , , , and . It also demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect of CK on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and its complications, as well as osteoporosis. Additionally, the analogues of CK showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, and more efficacy against disease states. Enhancing bioavailability and regulating hazardous variables are crucial for its use in clinical trials.
稀有皂苷化合物K（CK）是一种肠道微生物代谢产物，天然丰度低，主要通过物理化学加工、侧链修饰或肠道中的代谢转化产生。此外，与原人参皂苷相比，CK具有强大的生物活性，这在人参研发领域以及与人参皂苷相关的膳食补充剂和天然产物中引起了关注。人参皂苷Rb1、Rb2和Rc通常用作底物，通过几种生物转化过程生成CK。目前的研究表明，CK具有广泛的药理作用，包括促进成骨、脂质和葡萄糖代谢、脂质氧化、胰岛素抵抗以及抗炎和抗凋亡特性。对CK的生物利用度和毒理学的进一步研究可以推进其医学应用。本综述的目的是为未来的临床研究以及将CK开发为代谢紊乱治疗方法奠定基础。此外，本综述还研究了CK的毒理学和药理学。研究结果表明，CK主要调节与 、 、 、 和 相关的信号通路。它还证明了CK对非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）、肥胖、高脂血症、糖尿病及其并发症以及骨质疏松症具有积极的治疗作用。此外，CK的类似物显示出更高的生物利用度、更低的毒性以及对疾病状态更有效的作用。提高生物利用度和调节危险因素对其在临床试验中的应用至关重要。
