Department of Physiotherapy, School of Technology and Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2024 Aug;124(8):2439-2450. doi: 10.1007/s00421-024-05462-x. Epub 2024 Mar 28.
To evaluate the effects of repeated use of cold-water immersion (CWI) during a training week on performance and perceptive outcomes in competitive adolescent swimmers.
This randomized-crossover study included 20 athletes, who received each intervention [CWI (14 ± 1 °C), thermoneutral water immersion (TWI) (27 ± 1 °C) as placebo, and passive recovery (PAS)] three times a week between the land-based resistance training and swim training. The interventions were performed in a randomized order with a 1-week wash-out period. We tested athletes before and after each intervention week regarding swim (100 m freestyle sprints) and functional performance (flexibility, upper and lower body power, and shoulder proprioception). We monitored athlete's perceptions (well-being, heaviness, tiredness, discomfort and pain) during testing sessions using a 5-item questionnaire. Athlete preferences regarding the interventions were assessed at the end of the study. We used generalized linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations for continuous and categorical variables, respectively (intervention x time).
We found a time effect for swim performance (p = .01) in which, regardless the intervention, all athletes improved sprint time at post-intervention compared to baseline. There was an intervention effect for pain (p = .04) and tiredness (p = .04), but with no significant post-hoc comparisons. We found no significant effects for other outcomes. All athletes reported a preference for CWI or TWI in relation to PAS.
The repeated use of CWI throughout a training week did not impact functional or swim performance outcomes of competitive adolescent swimmers. Perceptive outcomes were also similar across interventions; however, athletes indicated a preference for both CWI and TWI.
评估在训练周内反复使用冷水浸泡（CWI）对竞技青少年游泳运动员表现和感知结果的影响。
本随机交叉研究纳入了 20 名运动员，他们每周接受 3 次干预[CWI（14±1°C）、温热水中浸泡（TWI）（27±1°C）作为安慰剂和被动恢复（PAS）]，每次干预均在陆上阻力训练和游泳训练之间进行。干预以随机顺序进行，1 周洗脱期。我们在每个干预周前后测试运动员的游泳（100 米自由泳冲刺）和功能表现（柔韧性、上下肢力量和肩部本体感觉）。我们使用 5 项问卷在测试期间监测运动员的感知（幸福感、沉重感、疲劳感、不适和疼痛）。研究结束时，我们评估了运动员对干预的偏好。我们使用广义线性混合模型和广义估计方程分别对连续和分类变量进行分析（干预×时间）。
我们发现游泳表现存在时间效应（p=.01），无论干预方式如何，所有运动员在干预后比基线时冲刺时间都有所提高。疼痛（p=.04）和疲劳感（p=.04）存在干预效应，但无显著的事后比较。我们未发现其他结果存在显著影响。所有运动员均报告与 PAS 相比，他们更喜欢 CWI 或 TWI。
在训练周内反复使用 CWI 并未影响竞技青少年游泳运动员的功能或游泳表现结果。感知结果在各干预组之间也相似；然而，运动员表示更喜欢 CWI 和 TWI。
