Department of Health Promotion, Institute of Basic Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571, Kraków, Poland.
Cardiovascular Nanomedicine Unit, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 12;14(1):8554. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58731-2.
Cold water immersion (CWI) involves rapid cooling of the body, which, in healthy individuals, triggers a defence response to an extreme stimulus, to which the body reacts with stress. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of CWI on hemorheological blood indicators. The study group consisted of 13 young males. Blood samples were collected before and after CWI. The assessed parameters included the complete blood count, fibrinogen, hs-C-reactive protein (CRP), proteinogram, and blood rheology factors, such as erythrocyte elongation index (EI), half-time of total aggregation, and aggregation index. Additionally, the effect of reduced temperature on primary human vascular endothelium was investigated in vitro. CWI resulted in the decrease of body temperature to 31.55 ± 2.87 °C. After CWI, neutrophil count and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were significantly increased in the study group, while lymphocyte count was significantly decreased. Significantly higher levels of total blood protein and albumin concentration were detected after the immersion. Among hemorheological characteristics, erythrocyte EIs at shear stress values ranging from 2.19 to 60.30 Pa were significantly lower after CWI. No significant changes in other rheological, morphological or biochemical parameters were observed. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells responded to 3 h of temperature decrease to 25 °C with unchanged viability, but increased recruitment of THP-1 monocytic cells and changes in cell morphology were observed. This was the first study to evaluate the effect of single CWI on rheological properties of blood in healthy young men. The results indicate that a single CWI may increase blood protein concentrations and worsen erythrocyte deformability parameters.
冷水浸泡（CWI）涉及身体的快速冷却，在健康个体中，这会引发对极端刺激的防御反应，身体会对此产生应激。本研究旨在确定 CWI 对血液流变学指标的影响。研究组由 13 名年轻男性组成。在 CWI 前后采集血样。评估的参数包括全血细胞计数、纤维蛋白原、hs-C 反应蛋白（CRP）、蛋白图谱以及血液流变学因素，如红细胞伸长指数（EI）、总聚集半衰期和聚集指数。此外，还在体外研究了降低温度对人原发性血管内皮的影响。CWI 导致体温降至 31.55±2.87°C。CWI 后，研究组中性粒细胞计数和平均红细胞体积（MCV）显著增加，而淋巴细胞计数显著降低。总血蛋白和白蛋白浓度的水平在浸泡后显著升高。在血液流变学特征中，在剪切应力值为 2.19 至 60.30 Pa 的范围内，红细胞 EIs 显著降低。未观察到其他流变学、形态学或生化参数的显著变化。在体外，人类脐静脉内皮细胞对 3 小时的温度降低至 25°C 做出反应，细胞活力不变，但观察到 THP-1 单核细胞的募集增加和细胞形态的变化。这是第一项评估单次 CWI 对健康年轻男性血液流变学特性影响的研究。结果表明，单次 CWI 可能会增加血液蛋白浓度并恶化红细胞变形性参数。
