Lindström Therese, Bergman Tiina Holmberg, Annerstedt Mathilde, Forster Martin, Bölte Sven, Hirvikoski Tatja
Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol. 2024 Apr 19;12(1):10-22. doi: 10.2478/sjcapp-2024-0002. eCollection 2024 Jan.
Parents of children with neurodevelopmental conditions (NDC) are at risk of experiencing elevated levels of parental stress. Access to robust instruments to assess parental stress is important in both clinical and research contexts. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Parental Stress Scale (PSS), completed by parents of 3- to 17-year-old children, with and without NDCs.
Main analyses were conducted on data from three independent samples: a community sample (=1018), a treatment-seeking sample of parents of children with various disabilities (=653), and a sample of parents of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who themselves reported varying ADHD symptom severities (=562). Additional analyses were enabled by the use of data from a complementary test-retest sample (=337).
The internal consistency of the PSS was good (Cronbach's alpha, =.87) and its test-retest reliability moderate (ICC=.66). The scale correlated in the expected direction with related constructs (.50-.56 in the community sample). An exploratory factor analysis found its internal structure to reflect two aspects of parental stress: Lack of Parental Rewards and Role Satisfaction (factor 1, =.90) and Parental Stressors and Distress (factor 2, =.85). The treatment-seeking parents of children with disabilities reported higher parental stress than community reference parents (<.001; Cohen's =1.17). Moreover, we found that parents with high ADHD symptom severity reported higher parental stress than parents with low ADHD symptom severity (<.001; =0.39).
In summary, we found evidence in support of the reliability and validity of the PSS, which overall was judged to be useful as a measure of parental stress in a Swedish context. In addition, our results underline the importance of considering parental stress and related needs in assessments and intervention planning involving families of children with NDCs.
患有神经发育障碍（NDC）儿童的父母面临父母压力水平升高的风险。在临床和研究环境中，使用可靠的工具来评估父母压力非常重要。目的：我们旨在评估瑞典版父母压力量表（PSS）的心理测量特性，该量表由3至17岁有或无NDC的儿童的父母填写。
主要分析基于来自三个独立样本的数据：一个社区样本（=1018）、一个寻求治疗的各种残疾儿童父母样本（=653）以及一个注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）儿童父母样本，这些父母报告了不同程度的ADHD症状（=562）。通过使用来自补充重测样本（=337）的数据进行了额外分析。
PSS的内部一致性良好（克朗巴哈系数α=0.87），重测信度中等（组内相关系数ICC=0.66）。该量表与相关结构在预期方向上相关（在社区样本中为0.50 - 0.56）。探索性因素分析发现其内部结构反映了父母压力的两个方面：缺乏父母奖励和角色满意度（因素1，α=0.90）以及父母压力源和困扰（因素2，α=0.85）。寻求治疗的残疾儿童父母报告的父母压力高于社区对照父母（P<0.001；科恩d值=1.17）。此外，我们发现ADHD症状严重程度高的父母报告的父母压力高于症状严重程度低的父母（P<0.001；d=0.39）。
总之，我们发现证据支持PSS的可靠性和有效性，总体上认为它在瑞典背景下作为父母压力的一种测量方法是有用的。此外，我们的结果强调了在涉及NDC儿童家庭的评估和干预计划中考虑父母压力及相关需求的重要性。
