Li Xinliang, Xu Wenyu, Zhi Chunyi
Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Laboratory of Zhongyuan Light, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Nat Rev Chem. 2024 May;8(5):359-375. doi: 10.1038/s41570-024-00597-z. Epub 2024 Apr 26.
Halogen-powered static conversion batteries (HSCBs) thrive in energy storage applications. They fall into the category of secondary non-flow batteries and operate by reversibly changing the chemical valence of halogens in the electrodes or/and electrolytes to transfer electrons, distinguishing them from the classic rocking-chair batteries. The active halide chemicals developed for these purposes include organic halides, halide salts, halogenated inorganics, organic-inorganic halides and the most widely studied elemental halogens. Aside from this, various redox mechanisms have been discovered based on multi-electron transfer and effective reaction pathways, contributing to improved electrochemical performances and stabilities of HSCBs. In this Review, we discuss the status of HSCBs and their electrochemical mechanism-performance correlations. We first provide a detailed exposition of the fundamental redox mechanisms, thermodynamics, conversion and catalysis chemistry, and mass or electron transfer modes involved in HSCBs. We conclude with a perspective on the challenges faced by the community and opportunities towards practical applications of high-energy halogen cathodes in energy-storage devices.
卤素供电的静态转换电池（HSCB）在能量存储应用中表现出色。它们属于二次非流动电池类别，通过可逆地改变电极或/和电解质中卤素的化学价来转移电子进行工作，这使其有别于传统的摇椅式电池。为这些目的开发的活性卤化物化学物质包括有机卤化物、卤化物盐、卤化无机物、有机 - 无机卤化物以及研究最为广泛的元素卤素。除此之外，基于多电子转移和有效反应途径发现了各种氧化还原机制，有助于提高HSCB的电化学性能和稳定性。在本综述中，我们讨论了HSCB的现状及其电化学机制与性能的相关性。我们首先详细阐述了HSCB中涉及的基本氧化还原机制、热力学、转换和催化化学以及质量或电子转移模式。最后，我们展望了该领域面临的挑战以及高能卤素阴极在储能设备实际应用中的机遇。
