U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
Chemosphere. 2024 Jun;358:142129. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142129. Epub 2024 Apr 26.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a unique class of chemicals synthesized to aid in industrial processes, fire-fighting products, and to benefit consumer products such as clothing, cosmetics, textiles, carpets, and coatings. The widespread use of PFAS and their strong carbon-fluorine bonds has led to their ubiquitous presence throughout the world. Airborne transport of PFAS throughout the atmosphere has also contributed to environmental pollution. Due to the potential environmental and human exposure concerns of some PFAS, research has extensively focused on water, soil, and organismal detection, but the presence of PFAS in the air has become an area of growing concern. Methods to measure polar PFAS in various matrices have been established, while the investigation of polar and nonpolar PFAS in air is still in its early development. This literature review aims to present the last two decades of research characterizing PFAS in outdoor and indoor air, focusing on active and passive air sampling and analytical methods. The PFAS classes targeted and detected in air samples include fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamido ethanols (FASEs), perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), and perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Although the manufacturing of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) has been largely phased out, these two PFAS are still often detected in air samples. Additionally, recent estimates indicate that there are thousands of PFAS that are likely present in the air that are not currently monitored in air methods. Advances in air sampling methods are needed to fully characterize the atmospheric transport of PFAS.
全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 是一类独特的化学品，合成它们是为了帮助工业过程、消防产品，并使服装、化妆品、纺织品、地毯和涂料等消费品受益。PFAS 的广泛使用及其强碳氟键使其在全球无处不在。PFAS 通过大气进行空气传播也导致了环境污染。由于一些 PFAS 存在潜在的环境和人体暴露问题，因此研究广泛集中在水、土壤和生物体的检测上，但 PFAS 在空气中的存在已成为人们日益关注的领域。已经建立了测量各种基质中极性 PFAS 的方法，而空气中极性和非极性 PFAS 的研究仍处于早期发展阶段。本文综述旨在介绍过去二十年中关于户外和室内空气中 PFAS 的研究，重点介绍主动和被动空气采样和分析方法。在空气样本中检测到的 PFAS 类别包括全氟烷基醇 (FTOHs)、全氟烷基亚磺酰胺 (FASAs)、全氟烷基亚磺酰胺乙氧基醇 (FASEs)、全氟羧酸 (PFCAs) 和全氟磺酸 (PFSAs)。尽管全氟辛酸 (PFOA) 和全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 的制造已基本淘汰，但这两种 PFAS 仍经常在空气样本中检测到。此外，最近的估计表明，可能有数千种 PFAS 存在于空气中，但目前在空气方法中并未监测到。需要改进空气采样方法来全面描述 PFAS 的大气传输。
