Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Plant Commun. 2024 Aug 12;5(8):100931. doi: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100931. Epub 2024 Apr 30.
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion. Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity. However, a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response. Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast. In this review, we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines, cell wall remodeling enzymes, and proteases. The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described. This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines, cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns, and remodeling, highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
质外体是植物组织入侵早期，植物病原微生物遇到的第一个质膜外的细胞区室之一。植物已经发展出复杂的监测机制，以感知细胞表面的危险事件，并迅速激活免疫。然而，为了产生强大而有效的防御反应，需要对免疫途径的激活进行精细调节。几种内源性蛋白质和酶作为无活性的前体合成，它们的翻译后加工已成为在质外体中触发警报的关键机制。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了植物细胞因子、细胞壁重塑酶和蛋白酶的前体。描述了将无活性前体转化为免疫调节活性肽或酶的生理事件。这篇综述还探讨了植物细胞因子、细胞壁损伤相关分子模式和重塑之间的功能协同作用，强调了它们在增强细胞外免疫和加强抵御害虫方面的作用。
