College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, China.
College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Jun 15;278:116388. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116388. Epub 2024 May 3.
Birds are sensitive to heavy metal pollution, and lead (Pb) contamination can negatively affect their liver and gut. Therefore, we used budgerigars to examine liver and gut toxicosis caused by Pb exposure in bird, and the possible toxic mechanisms. The findings showed Pb exposure increased liver weight and decreased body weight. Moreover, histopathological and immunofluorescence assay results demonstrated obvious liver damage and cell apoptosis increased in Pb- treated budgerigars. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results also showed Pb caused an increase in apoptosis by inhibiting the PPAR-γ/PI3K/Akt pathway. The gut microbe analyses indicated Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were dominant microbial phyla, and Network analysis results shown Arthrobacter, Bradyrhizobium and Alloprevotella as the hubs of Modules I, II, and III, respectively. Phenylpropanoids and polyketides, Organoheterocyclic compounds, Organic oxygen compounds, and Organic nitrogen compounds were dominant metabolite superclasses. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid (sodium salt), and 2-[2-(5-bromo-2-pyridyl)diaz-1-enyl]-5-(diethylamino)phenol were significantly enriched in the Pb-treated group. It showed that 41 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologues and 183 pathways differed between the Pb-treated and control budgerigars using microbial and metabolomic data. Moreover, orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) based on microbial and metabolite indicated distinct clusters in the Pb-treated and control groups. Additionally, the correlation analysis results indicated that a positive correlation for the Pb-treated and control groups between gut microbiota and metabolomic data, respectively. Furthermore, the microenvironment of the gut and liver were found to affect each other, and this study demonstrated heavy metal especially Pb may pose serious health risks to birds through the "gut-liver axis" too.
鸟类对重金属污染敏感，而铅（Pb）污染会对其肝脏和肠道产生负面影响。因此，我们使用虎皮鹦鹉来研究 Pb 暴露对鸟类肝脏和肠道中毒的影响及其可能的毒理机制。研究结果表明，Pb 暴露会增加肝脏重量，降低体重。此外，组织病理学和免疫荧光分析结果表明，Pb 处理的虎皮鹦鹉肝脏明显受损，细胞凋亡增加。定量聚合酶链反应（qPCR）结果还表明，Pb 通过抑制 PPAR-γ/PI3K/Akt 通路导致细胞凋亡增加。肠道微生物分析表明，厚壁菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门是主要的微生物门类，网络分析结果表明，节杆菌属、慢生根瘤菌属和拟普雷沃氏菌属分别是模块 I、II 和 III 的枢纽。苯丙素类和聚酮类、杂环有机化合物、含氧有机化合物和含氮有机化合物是主要的代谢物超类。牛磺脱氧胆酸、牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸（钠盐）和 2-[2-（5-溴-2-吡啶基）二氮-1-烯基]-5-（二乙氨基）苯酚在 Pb 处理组中显著富集。这表明，基于微生物和代谢组学数据，Pb 处理和对照组虎皮鹦鹉之间有 41 个京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）直系同源物和 183 条途径存在差异。此外，基于微生物和代谢物的正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS-DA）表明，Pb 处理组和对照组之间存在明显的聚类。此外，相关性分析结果表明，Pb 处理组和对照组之间的肠道微生物群和代谢组学数据之间存在正相关。此外，还发现肠道和肝脏的微环境相互影响，本研究表明，重金属尤其是 Pb 可能通过“肠-肝轴”对鸟类健康造成严重威胁。
