Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2024 May;23(3):e13363. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.13363.
There is still considerable controversy about the relative risk of mycotoxin exposure associated with the consumption of organic and conventional cereals. Using validated protocols, we carried out a systematic literature review and meta-analyses of data on the incidence and concentrations of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, Claviceps, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species in organic and conventional cereal grains/products. The standard weighted meta-analysis of concentration data detected a significant effect of production system (organic vs. conventional) only for the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, with concentrations ∼50% higher in conventional than organic cereal grains/products (p < 0.0001). Weighted meta-analyses of incidence data and unweighted meta-analyses of concentration data also detected small, but significant effects of production system on the incidence and/or concentrations of T-2/HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, enniatin, beauvericin, ochratoxin A (OTA), and aflatoxins. Multilevel meta-analyses identified climatic conditions, cereal species, study type, and analytical methods used as important confounding factors for the effects of production system. Overall, results from this study suggest that (i) Fusarium mycotoxin contamination decreased between the 1990s and 2020, (ii) contamination levels are similar in organic and conventional cereals used for human consumption, and (iii) maintaining OTA concentrations below the maximum contamination levels (3.0 μg/kg) set by the EU remains a major challenge.
关于食用有机和常规谷物时接触霉菌毒素的相对风险，仍存在很大争议。我们使用经过验证的方案，对有关镰刀菌、麦角菌、青霉和曲霉属种产生的霉菌毒素在有机和常规谷物/产品中的发生率和浓度的文献进行了系统综述和荟萃分析。对浓度数据进行的标准加权荟萃分析仅检测到生产体系（有机与常规）对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的显著影响，常规谷物/产品中的浓度比有机谷物/产品高约 50%（p<0.0001）。对发生率数据的加权荟萃分析和浓度数据的未加权荟萃分析也检测到生产体系对 T-2/HT-2 毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、展青霉素、赭曲霉毒素 A（OTA）和黄曲霉毒素的发生率和/或浓度有较小但显著的影响。多层次荟萃分析确定了气候条件、谷物种类、研究类型和所用分析方法是生产体系影响的重要混杂因素。总体而言，这项研究的结果表明：（i）1990 年代至 2020 年间，镰刀菌霉菌毒素污染有所减少；（ii）用于人类消费的有机和常规谷物中的污染水平相似；（iii）将 OTA 浓度维持在欧盟设定的 3.0μg/kg 最大污染水平以下仍然是一个主要挑战。
